Research by Giri (2002) reports how the United Nations have established a number of projects to help developing countries. Mr. Kofi Annan has emphasized that 'information technologies can give developing countries the chance to leapfrog some of the long and painful stages of development that other countries have had to go through'. In addition to the United Nations, other international organizations such as World Bank, IMF, and WHO are implementing several initiatives to reduce the digital divide by sending volunteers, providing training, and loans and grants to Internet and ICT related projects.

Domestically, the social divide was addressed by the UK government when it announced in March 2000 that all Government services would be available electronically by 2005 (Electronic Service Delivery, 2002), and stated in their 2002 Annual Report (UK Online, 2002) that their goal was to 'ensure that everyone who wants is has access to the Internet by 2005'.

The UK Government aims to:

1. raise awareness of the Internet by: informing citizens about the services they can access and the places they can do this.
2. promote affordable Internet access at home, at work, on
   Get Your Performance Appraisal Discussions Off to a Good Start (Part 1)
   But a lot of the awkwardness in performance appraisal meetings can be eliminated by following some simple suggestions. Here are a couple of tips that will help put both players at ease. (In Part 2 of this article, I’ll provide some additional suggestions.)Gather Your Appraisal Information and Materials in AdvanceThe most important item you need to have is a copy of the individual’s performance appraisal. That’s obvious. But that’s not all. At the beginning of the year you and the individual probably had a performance planning meeting. Ideally, the individual would have taken notes on a blank copy of the appraisal form and made a copy for you. That document should have all of the key items that you discussed during the meeting. Be sure you have a copy of that planning document in case a question about the original goals comes up.You’ll also need information about the individual’s performance, particularly if there are some areas where the performance varied significantly from your expectations. Whether the variation was in a positive or negative direction, you’ll need to be able to demonstrate why you assigned the rating that you did. If the assessment is that the individual’s performance was less than you desired, then it’s critically important that you have all of the evidence you used in order to come to that “Unsatisfactory” or “Need Improvement” performance appraisal rating. There’s a magic phrase to use here. That phrase is, “For example . . .” Make sure you’ve
   The sources used for this study were a combination of books, electronic journals, departmental reports, and World Wide Web pages. The initial search strategy returned over one thousand results but this was reduced significantly by adjusting the search strategy to look for specific documents relating to definition, origin, validity, type, measurement, and resolution.
   • References were selected based upon authority, scope, currency, purpose, and objectivity
   • Only electronic journals accessed via recommended University databases were used
   • Only web pages from departmental web sites were used
   • All references had clearly defined scopes
   • All references were published within the last ten years
   • References were primarily focussed on UK data backed up with secondary US and Global data.

   The words 'digital divide' have become buzz words in the world of information management. This paper reviews the literature relating to its definition and when and where it originated. It questions if it is quantifiable, and if so how each type can be measured. Programs and methods to reduce the digital divide are evaluated at local, national, and global levels.

   While world leaders make plans to bridge the divide, some commentators argue if the divide really exists, whilst others have opposing opinions as to what it actually is. Research by Hongladarom (2003) reports that some commentators believe the phrase should not be used at all and should be replaced with the more positive 'social inclusion'.

   The phrase was first coined in 1995 by the US government when the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) issued the report titled 'Falling Through the Net' (Servon, 2002, p.2). The report highlighted the existence of a digital divide in America that separated those with access to information technology and those without.

   Cullen (2003) describes the digital divide as 'the gap that exists in most countries between those with ready access to the tools, information and communication technologies (ICTs), and those without such access or skills'. Conversely, Servon (2002, p.2) reasons that 'the technology gap is only one link in a causal chain that has bound certain groups repeatedly to disadvantage. The digital divide is, therefore, a symptom of a much larger and more complex problem - the problem of persistent poverty and inequality'.

   Similarly, Lax (2001, p.194) relates to such social and economic factors in his study. He confirms that the cost of setting up a system capable of Internet access is low on the list of priorities in many low-income families in both the US and the UK. Additionally, economic and taxation policies have widened the gap between rich and poor over the past two decades so that the digital divide compares with the economic divide. He reports that figures for UK family expenditure in 2000 showed Internet access at only three percent in the poorest households, and forty eight percent in the richest.

   Additionally, Wyatt et al. (2000, p.28) highlight a 'persisting digital divide' in the research conducted by the US Census Bureau on behalf of the NTIA in 1994, 1997, and 1998. Although substantial increases in PC and modem ownership were noted, the growth had taken place 'to a greater extent within some income levels, demographic groups and geographic areas, than in others'. This resulted in an 'even greater disparity in penetration levels among some groups'. The report concluded that in most cases the digital divide had widened.

   None the less, Fink & Kenny (2003) challenge these definitions in their research and question the validity of the digital divide. They discuss four interpretations often used by commentators and their possible measurements:

   1. A gap in access to use of ICTs - crudely measured by the number and spread of telephones or web-enabled computers.
   2. A gap in the ability to use ICTs - measured by the skills base and the presence of numerous complimentary assets.
   3. A gap in actual use - the minutes of telecommunications for various purposes, the number and time online of users, the number of Internet hosts and the level of electronic commerce.
   4. A gap in the impact of use - measured by financial and economic returns.

   They argue that 'looking at various measures of the digital divide, there is a divide in per-capita access to ICTs but developing countries show faster rates of growth in network development than developed countries. Moreover, when employing a per-income measure of access, developing countries already "digitally leapfrog" the developed world'.

   There is no consensus on the extent of the divide or whether the divide is getting larger or smaller. Data supporting all four measurements is lacking and further research is needed to establish evidence to fully illustrate the status of the divide and it's growth or decline. However, researchers are mostly agreed that some sort of divide exists. Norris (2000) describes the divide as having more than one dimension: the social divide (the gap between information rich and information poor in a country); the democratic gap (the distribution of power and influences between those who do and do not make use of ICT to participate in politics); and the global divide (existing between the highly industrialized and developing countries).

   The global divide was discussed on July 2000, by the leaders of the eight major industrialized democracies at the 26th G8 summit in Okinawa. The communiqu? (G8 Communiqu? Okinawa, 2000) confirms that their aim was to 'maximise the benefits of IT and ensure that they are spread to those at present with limited access'. Additionally, the Okinawa Charter on Global Information Society (http://www.dotforce.org/reports/it1.html, 2000) states that 'everyone, everywhere should be able to participate in and no one should be excluded from the benefits of the global information society'.

   Research by Giri (2002) reports how the United Nations have established a number of projects to help developing countries. Mr. Kofi Annan has emphasized that 'information technologies can give developing countries the chance to leapfrog some of the long and painful stages of development that other countries have had to go through'. In addition to the United Nations, other international organizations such as World Bank, IMF, and WHO are implementing several initiatives to reduce the digital divide by sending volunteers, providing training, and loans and grants to Internet and ICT related projects.

   Domestically, the social divide was addressed by the UK government when it announced in March 2000 that all Government services would be available electronically by 2005 (Electronic Service Delivery, 2002), and stated in their 2002 Annual Report (UK Online, 2002) that their goal was to 'ensure that everyone who wants is has access to the Internet by 2005'.

   The UK Government aims to:

   1. raise awareness of the Internet by: informing citizens about the services they can access and the places they can do this.
   2. promote affordable Internet access at home, at work, on
      If Penguins Can March - So Can We
      I just finished watching the amazing documentary "March of the Penguins" and could not help but think how incredible the animal world is. Even without an MBA or any other type of formal training, animals (in this case penguins) have somehow captured what many business owners fail to grasp, even after years of education and experience.Over the years, these penguins have managed to evolve (read: continuous improvement) and adapt to the most brutal of all climates. Every year they leave the comfort of their home and march over 70 miles, overcoming enormous obstacles to gather in a place where every penguin for thousands of years has been born. According to the documentary, they endure temperatures of over 58 degrees below zero and winds in excess of 100 miles per hour. They do this while procreating their species in a manner that can only be appreciated by watching the movie.We as business owners should observe these creatures and learn at least 2 valuable lessons from them. The first is the requirement to be continually improving our processes, and the second is to follow the processes with absolute precision.Too many times, business owners run their company by "winging it." Though they may be successful for a period of time, the odds are overwhelming that eventually they will make a fatal mistake and all will be lost. Taking our cue from the animal world should be a lesson in humility for us. The animals probably don't understand why they d
      commentators believe the phrase should not be used at all and should be replaced with the more positive 'social inclusion'.

      The phrase was first coined in 1995 by the US government when the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) issued the report titled 'Falling Through the Net' (Servon, 2002, p.2). The report highlighted the existence of a digital divide in America that separated those with access to information technology and those without.

      Cullen (2003) describes the digital divide as 'the gap that exists in most countries between those with ready access to the tools, information and communication technologies (ICTs), and those without such access or skills'. Conversely, Servon (2002, p.2) reasons that 'the technology gap is only one link in a causal chain that has bound certain groups repeatedly to disadvantage. The digital divide is, therefore, a symptom of a much larger and more complex problem - the problem of persistent poverty and inequality'.

      Similarly, Lax (2001, p.194) relates to such social and economic factors in his study. He confirms that the cost of setting up a system capable of Internet access is low on the list of priorities in many low-income families in both the US and the UK. Additionally, economic and taxation policies have widened the gap between rich and poor over the past two decades so that the digital divide compares with the economic divide. He reports that figures for UK family expenditure in 2000 showed Internet access at only three percent in the poorest households, and forty eight percent in the richest.

      Additionally, Wyatt et al. (2000, p.28) highlight a 'persisting digital divide' in the research conducted by the US Census Bureau on behalf of the NTIA in 1994, 1997, and 1998. Although substantial increases in PC and modem ownership were noted, the growth had taken place 'to a greater extent within some income levels, demographic groups and geographic areas, than in others'. This resulted in an 'even greater disparity in penetration levels among some groups'. The report concluded that in most cases the digital divide had widened.

      None the less, Fink & Kenny (2003) challenge these definitions in their research and question the validity of the digital divide. They discuss four interpretations often used by commentators and their possible measurements:

      1. A gap in access to use of ICTs - crudely measured by the number and spread of telephones or web-enabled computers.
      2. A gap in the ability to use ICTs - measured by the skills base and the presence of numerous complimentary assets.
      3. A gap in actual use - the minutes of telecommunications for various purposes, the number and time online of users, the number of Internet hosts and the level of electronic commerce.
      4. A gap in the impact of use - measured by financial and economic returns.

      They argue that 'looking at various measures of the digital divide, there is a divide in per-capita access to ICTs but developing countries show faster rates of growth in network development than developed countries. Moreover, when employing a per-income measure of access, developing countries already "digitally leapfrog" the developed world'.

      There is no consensus on the extent of the divide or whether the divide is getting larger or smaller. Data supporting all four measurements is lacking and further research is needed to establish evidence to fully illustrate the status of the divide and it's growth or decline. However, researchers are mostly agreed that some sort of divide exists. Norris (2000) describes the divide as having more than one dimension: the social divide (the gap between information rich and information poor in a country); the democratic gap (the distribution of power and influences between those who do and do not make use of ICT to participate in politics); and the global divide (existing between the highly industrialized and developing countries).

      The global divide was discussed on July 2000, by the leaders of the eight major industrialized democracies at the 26th G8 summit in Okinawa. The communiqu? (G8 Communiqu? Okinawa, 2000) confirms that their aim was to 'maximise the benefits of IT and ensure that they are spread to those at present with limited access'. Additionally, the Okinawa Charter on Global Information Society (http://www.dotforce.org/reports/it1.html, 2000) states that 'everyone, everywhere should be able to participate in and no one should be excluded from the benefits of the global information society'.

      Research by Giri (2002) reports how the United Nations have established a number of projects to help developing countries. Mr. Kofi Annan has emphasized that 'information technologies can give developing countries the chance to leapfrog some of the long and painful stages of development that other countries have had to go through'. In addition to the United Nations, other international organizations such as World Bank, IMF, and WHO are implementing several initiatives to reduce the digital divide by sending volunteers, providing training, and loans and grants to Internet and ICT related projects.

      Domestically, the social divide was addressed by the UK government when it announced in March 2000 that all Government services would be available electronically by 2005 (Electronic Service Delivery, 2002), and stated in their 2002 Annual Report (UK Online, 2002) that their goal was to 'ensure that everyone who wants is has access to the Internet by 2005'.

      The UK Government aims to:

      1. raise awareness of the Internet by: informing citizens about the services they can access and the places they can do this.
      2. promote affordable Internet access at home, at work, on
         Are You Missing Out Doubling Or Trebling Your Profits?
         This bulletin is not about choosing a name for your new business, its not even about developing business plans and it certainly is not about choosing to be incorporated, a partnership or a sole trader. There are dozens of resources about that.This is all about that giant step from surviving in business to success in your chosen niche.It is one thing getting a business up and running but doing it right or even finding out what is right, is easier to say than do. Starting and running a small business is great I've been doing it for over twelve years but we all have the same problems, we know there is a better way of doing it but we can't always afford a consultant.So what I've been doing is putting together all the useful information I've collected over the years and compiling it into easy read sections that can be used by almost any business in the land.So lets have a look at customer satisfaction (or more correctly dissatisfaction)Complaints Complaints are good as it allows you to improve on the areas your customers want you to improve. It is still as true as ever that ‘the customer is always right’ and in dealing with them, they do at the end of any discussion, need to feel that their grievance has been fully understood. Most of the time, if you are doing something wrong you will never know about it, as most people do not like to complain, they just try another supplier.Handling complaints Give all complaints top priority, the quicker
         igures for UK family expenditure in 2000 showed Internet access at only three percent in the poorest households, and forty eight percent in the richest.

         Additionally, Wyatt et al. (2000, p.28) highlight a 'persisting digital divide' in the research conducted by the US Census Bureau on behalf of the NTIA in 1994, 1997, and 1998. Although substantial increases in PC and modem ownership were noted, the growth had taken place 'to a greater extent within some income levels, demographic groups and geographic areas, than in others'. This resulted in an 'even greater disparity in penetration levels among some groups'. The report concluded that in most cases the digital divide had widened.

         None the less, Fink & Kenny (2003) challenge these definitions in their research and question the validity of the digital divide. They discuss four interpretations often used by commentators and their possible measurements:

         1. A gap in access to use of ICTs - crudely measured by the number and spread of telephones or web-enabled computers.
         2. A gap in the ability to use ICTs - measured by the skills base and the presence of numerous complimentary assets.
         3. A gap in actual use - the minutes of telecommunications for various purposes, the number and time online of users, the number of Internet hosts and the level of electronic commerce.
         4. A gap in the impact of use - measured by financial and economic returns.

         They argue that 'looking at various measures of the digital divide, there is a divide in per-capita access to ICTs but developing countries show faster rates of growth in network development than developed countries. Moreover, when employing a per-income measure of access, developing countries already "digitally leapfrog" the developed world'.

         There is no consensus on the extent of the divide or whether the divide is getting larger or smaller. Data supporting all four measurements is lacking and further research is needed to establish evidence to fully illustrate the status of the divide and it's growth or decline. However, researchers are mostly agreed that some sort of divide exists. Norris (2000) describes the divide as having more than one dimension: the social divide (the gap between information rich and information poor in a country); the democratic gap (the distribution of power and influences between those who do and do not make use of ICT to participate in politics); and the global divide (existing between the highly industrialized and developing countries).

         The global divide was discussed on July 2000, by the leaders of the eight major industrialized democracies at the 26th G8 summit in Okinawa. The communiqu? (G8 Communiqu? Okinawa, 2000) confirms that their aim was to 'maximise the benefits of IT and ensure that they are spread to those at present with limited access'. Additionally, the Okinawa Charter on Global Information Society (http://www.dotforce.org/reports/it1.html, 2000) states that 'everyone, everywhere should be able to participate in and no one should be excluded from the benefits of the global information society'.

         Research by Giri (2002) reports how the United Nations have established a number of projects to help developing countries. Mr. Kofi Annan has emphasized that 'information technologies can give developing countries the chance to leapfrog some of the long and painful stages of development that other countries have had to go through'. In addition to the United Nations, other international organizations such as World Bank, IMF, and WHO are implementing several initiatives to reduce the digital divide by sending volunteers, providing training, and loans and grants to Internet and ICT related projects.

         Domestically, the social divide was addressed by the UK government when it announced in March 2000 that all Government services would be available electronically by 2005 (Electronic Service Delivery, 2002), and stated in their 2002 Annual Report (UK Online, 2002) that their goal was to 'ensure that everyone who wants is has access to the Internet by 2005'.

         The UK Government aims to:

         1. raise awareness of the Internet by: informing citizens about the services they can access and the places they can do this.
         2. promote affordable Internet access at home, at work, on
            Make Money Online Taking Surveys - Is It Possible To Make Money Online Taking Surveys? Find Out Here
            There is a lot of dispute whether it is possible to Make Money Online Taking Surveys and as the internet grows and more and more business move to the online marketplace, then the idea that you can Make Money Online Taking Surveys does seem plausible.The truth is you can Make Money Online Taking Surveys, although you must also be careful as a lot of the websites you see out there that promise thousands of dollars every week from just taking surveys are normally scams!Today I am going to tell you about the different survey companies out there and how to tell the good ones from the bad.First off if you want to Make Money Online Taking Surveys you should join a free survey site first and not pay any fee so you can get used to what is involved. There are several different survey companies available and some do not pay money but rather award you with gift certificates or gift vouchers for completing surveys.I would suggest searching Google for “Free survey sites” and signing up to as many different sites as possible as you will find that a lot of the free survey sites only pay you a few cents a survey so you will have to do quite a lot to make any money.Survey companies do need the market research for their products and services, and when you hear people boasting that they Make Money Online Taking Surveys, this is normally because they have built up a good standing with the survey company by doing loads of surveys beforehand!You will find that when you
            /li>

         They argue that 'looking at various measures of the digital divide, there is a divide in per-capita access to ICTs but developing countries show faster rates of growth in network development than developed countries. Moreover, when employing a per-income measure of access, developing countries already "digitally leapfrog" the developed world'.

         There is no consensus on the extent of the divide or whether the divide is getting larger or smaller. Data supporting all four measurements is lacking and further research is needed to establish evidence to fully illustrate the status of the divide and it's growth or decline. However, researchers are mostly agreed that some sort of divide exists. Norris (2000) describes the divide as having more than one dimension: the social divide (the gap between information rich and information poor in a country); the democratic gap (the distribution of power and influences between those who do and do not make use of ICT to participate in politics); and the global divide (existing between the highly industrialized and developing countries).

         The global divide was discussed on July 2000, by the leaders of the eight major industrialized democracies at the 26th G8 summit in Okinawa. The communiqu? (G8 Communiqu? Okinawa, 2000) confirms that their aim was to 'maximise the benefits of IT and ensure that they are spread to those at present with limited access'. Additionally, the Okinawa Charter on Global Information Society (http://www.dotforce.org/reports/it1.html, 2000) states that 'everyone, everywhere should be able to participate in and no one should be excluded from the benefits of the global information society'.

         Research by Giri (2002) reports how the United Nations have established a number of projects to help developing countries. Mr. Kofi Annan has emphasized that 'information technologies can give developing countries the chance to leapfrog some of the long and painful stages of development that other countries have had to go through'. In addition to the United Nations, other international organizations such as World Bank, IMF, and WHO are implementing several initiatives to reduce the digital divide by sending volunteers, providing training, and loans and grants to Internet and ICT related projects.

         Domestically, the social divide was addressed by the UK government when it announced in March 2000 that all Government services would be available electronically by 2005 (Electronic Service Delivery, 2002), and stated in their 2002 Annual Report (UK Online, 2002) that their goal was to 'ensure that everyone who wants is has access to the Internet by 2005'.

         The UK Government aims to:

         1. raise awareness of the Internet by: informing citizens about the services they can access and the places they can do this.
         2. promote affordable Internet access at home, at work, on
            A Few Ways To Gain Repeat Customers Over And Over
            Just as in any offline business all online businesses need to have repeat visitors and repeat customers. This article will give eight suggestions of methods you may want to try on your website to keep your visitors coming back on a daily or weekly basis to afford you the opportunity to convert them into customers. Customers that will visit and buy from you over and over again. Now you may not want to use all of them at once, however if you schedule a few on a rotating basis and some on a regular basis you may soon see and increase in your repeat customer base. Be sure to track your results so that you know which of these methods work best for your particular website. Check them out and have some fun with them.PollsHold an interactive poll on your website. Ask visitors a poll question. Have them e-mail their vote or opinion. People love to give their 2 cents worth. They would also like to read the results the next day or week on your website.Prize DrawingsHold an ongoing prize drawing on your website. The prizes should be something of interest or value to your subscribers. Most people who enter will continually revisit your website to get the results.Original ContentGive your visitors content they can't read anywhere else. I'm not saying all your content has to be 100% original, but a portion of your website should have original information. People will usually read information they haven't read before.QuizzesGive your visitors a quiz
            nawa Charter on Global Information Society (http://www.dotforce.org/reports/it1.html, 2000) states that 'everyone, everywhere should be able to participate in and no one should be excluded from the benefits of the global information society'.

            Research by Giri (2002) reports how the United Nations have established a number of projects to help developing countries. Mr. Kofi Annan has emphasized that 'information technologies can give developing countries the chance to leapfrog some of the long and painful stages of development that other countries have had to go through'. In addition to the United Nations, other international organizations such as World Bank, IMF, and WHO are implementing several initiatives to reduce the digital divide by sending volunteers, providing training, and loans and grants to Internet and ICT related projects.

            Domestically, the social divide was addressed by the UK government when it announced in March 2000 that all Government services would be available electronically by 2005 (Electronic Service Delivery, 2002), and stated in their 2002 Annual Report (UK Online, 2002) that their goal was to 'ensure that everyone who wants is has access to the Internet by 2005'.

            The UK Government aims to:

            1. raise awareness of the Internet by: informing citizens about the services they can access and the places they can do this.
            2. promote affordable Internet access at home, at work, on the move and in the community by: supporting a range of channels including the personal computer, DTV, and public Internet access points.
            3. improve ICT skills by: providing opportunities for citizens to acquire the appropriate skills and the confidence to use the Internet.
            4. build trust in the Internet by: advising citizens about how best to use the Internet safely and by building a coherent regulatory framework to increase consumer confidence.

            The targets aim to address four key issues, not dependant on socio-economic status alone, highlighted by Cullen (2001) from the Gartner Group Report, 'The Digital Divide in American Society': physical access to ICTs; ICT skills and support; attitudes; and content.

            These key issues require further research and measurement to test the suitability and effectiveness of the UK Governments strategy: have we closed the digital divide by providing communal access to ICT, or must ICT be available in the home? Does ICT have to mean a PC equipped with modem, or can it consist of a digital television or mobile phone? In any case, it should be noted that studies carried out by Whaley (2004) demonstrate that although any resulting growth in computer ownership and Internet use will offer optimism that the digital divide is narrowing, focused intervention such as public and private programs, focus groups, and pocks of community activism will still required to correct any disparity of access.

            An independent study conducted for British Telecom (http://www.btplc.com/Societyandenvironment/PDF/Digitaldivide2025.pdf, 2004) summarises that the 'profile of the digitally excluded population in the UK highlights the complexity of issues involved in the debates surrounding digital inclusion and the digital divide'. It concludes that digitally excluded adults are more likely to be older and to have no educational qualifications. Of the 9.5 million adults living on low incomes over seven million are digitally excluded. These statistics are useful in developing a baseline for research into the progress of the divide. The report also attempts to predict the status of the digital divide in 2025. This acts as a useful indicator to where we might be as 'Bridgers' of the digital divide in the future, but cannot possibly account for changes, or the pace of change in technology.

            To conclude, the digital-divide is well documented although interpreted differently by many commentators. It is accepted by most as real, including Governments and international organisations, and resources have been made available to counter the growing gaps between the information rich, and the information poor. However in a world of full of standards there is clearly a question to be asked regarding the lack of structured measurement and control of such an important dilemma as the digital divide. There is much scope for further research in this area.

            References

            Cullen, R. (2001) 'Addressing the digital divide', Online Information Review, 25(5), pp. 311-320.

            Cullen, R. (2003) 'The digital divide: a global and national call to action', The Electronic Library, 21(3), pp. 247-257.

            Electronic Service Delivery (2002) Available at: http://www.e-envoy.gov.uk/publications/esd_menu.htm (Accessed: 13/09/05).

            Fink, C. & Kenny, C.J. (2003) 'W(h)ither the digital divide ?', info, 5(6), pp. 15-24.

            G8 Communique Okinawa (2000) Available at: http://www.g8.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate?ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1097587800852 (Accessed: 17/09/05).

            Giri, J. (2002) 'Digital Divide: Exploring National and International Approaches to Bridge the Digital Divide and Formulating a Strategic Model that can be Implemented in Developing Countries', IT Journal.

            Hongladarom, S. (2003) 'Exploring the philosophical terrain of the digital divide', Computers and philosophy, 37, pp. 85-89.

            http://www.btplc.com/Societyandenvironment/PDF/Digitaldivide2025.pdf (2004) (Accessed: 16/09/05).

            http://www.dotforce.org/reports/it1.html (2000) (Accessed: 15/09/05).

            Lax, S. (2001) Access Denied in the Information Age. Hampshire: Palgrave.

            Norris, P. (2000) A Virtuous Circle: Political Communication in Post-Industrial Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.

            Servon, L.J. (2002) Bridging the Digital Divide: Technology, Community, and Public Policy. Bodmin: MPG Books Division.

            UK Online (2002) Available at: http://archive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/e-envoy/reports-annrep-2002/$file/indexpage.htm (Accessed: 15/09/05).

            Whaley, K.C. (2004) Americas Digital Divide: 2000-2003 Trends, Journal of Medical Systems, 28(2), pp. 183-195.

            Wyatt, S. et al. (2000) Technology and Inequality: Questioning the information society. New York: Routledge.