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  • Casual Articles - RFID System Planning – A Simple Overview

    Two Views of Social Responsibility
    Government regulation and public awareness are external forces that have increased the social responsibility of business. But business decisions are made within the company. Two contrasting philosophies, or models, define the range of management attitudes toward social responsibility; the economic and the socioeconomic model.According to the traditional concept of business, a firm exists to produce quality goods and services, earn a reasonable profit and provide jobs. In line with this concept, the economic model of social responsibility holds that society will benefit more when business is left alone to produce and market profitable products that society needs. To the manager who adopts this traditional attitude, social responsibility is someone else's job. After all, stockholders invest in a corporation to earn a return on their investment, not because the firm is socially responsible and the firm is legally obligated to act in the economic interest of its stockholders.In contrast, some managers believe they have the responsibility not only to stockholders, but also to customers, employees, suppliers, and the general public. This broader view is referred to as the socioeconomic model of social responsibility. It places emphasis not only on profits but also on the impact of business decisions on society. Recently, increasing numbers of managers and firms have adopted the socioeconomic model and they have done so for at least three reasons. First, a business is dominated by the corporate form of ownership and the corporation is a creation of society. Second, many firms are beginning to take pride in their social responsibility records. Third, many business people believe it is in their best interest to take the initiative in this area, prior to their competitors.The merits of the economic and the socioeconomic m
    lume and speed of data produced by an RFID system.

    If you were to implement an RFID system by directly hooking RFID readers to the backend management and ERP systems, the results will be disastrous due to the massive volume of data directly entering the system.

    What’s needed is the right system architecture, not only to maintain data accuracy and authenticity, but to make meaning of the vast volumes of data delivered by the RFID readers. Some estimates are that pallet, tote and item-level tracking, combined with data generated by RFID readers as items move within the enterprise, will increase the volume of data by 100 to 1,000 times today’s levels in most supply chains (source: RFID Journal).

    Effective RFID implementations should follow the architectural principles developed for financial trading systems, process control and large-scale network management. Like RFID systems, these systems process huge volumes of data, correct errors in real time, correlate events, detect trends and patterns, re-organise and cleanse data and recover from faults – all in real time.

    A role of the system integrator is to develop and implement an operational data management architecture that captures events at the “edge” of the enterprise, where operational activity occurs, rather than in the centre, where business-oriented transaction processing occurs. To achieve manageable data then the architect

    Keys to Business Success
    In order to be successful at business ownership you need to know a few important factors. There are those who focus way to much on the financial aspect and neglect many other important keys. Business ownership is never an easy road, luckily there are many people who are more than willing to help you out along the way.One of the most important keys to business success is the understanding that time is money. When you are in the business world, your common objective is to being in profits and make money. What you need to figure out is how to convert time into money. You need to make sure that every minute you spend working is with one hundred percent effort for maximum benefits.Another important key to successful business ownership is the ability to meet people and make connections. This means everyone that you can think of including customers or clients, suppliers, staff, associates, as well as partners and investors. Always keep your mentor around, no matter how successful you become. Having a great mentor in the business world can be the one advantage you have above the rest.It is always important to have the necessary knowledge and skills you need to run your business successfully. This doesn't necessarily mean academic college and diplomas, but also other skills that you may need in your industry choice. Don't go blindly into an industry without checking out the field first. Stick with knowledge and skills that have been universally tested and proven.This type of knowledge includes information such as money making trends, marketing strategies, customer service, selling skills, negotiation skills, investment skills, as well as law skills. Always keep in mind that there is only so much you can learn. Don't waste your precious time on unnecessary schooling.
    This document is intended as a short, simple summarised overview for companies thinking of, or wanting to, implement RFID technology within their supply chain operations. It is designed to increase awareness of the needs, wants, dos and don’ts when planning your RFID supply chain systems. A glossary of RFID terms is included to assist you when investigating RFID systems and technology. The single most important message is that defined objectives and planning are paramount; and that input and assistance from independent expertise at a very early stage, can save considerable time and money in the long term.

    It is recognised that RFID will enable, (and already has in some cases), a new era of business optimisation, managing and increasing efficiencies throughout the supply chain. However knowing that it can assist your business, and understanding how it will do so, are different enough, let alone knowing how to actually implement a system that provides a sound return on the investment, whilst meeting your objectives.

    The potential final cost of a fully integrated RFID supply chain operation would suggest that well planned objectives and a Pilot Scheme within part of the supply chain would be the prudent route to take. This ensures that a final system properly specified and implemented will actually produce the results that you both want and expect.

    Business Drivers

    The key driver for any investment of this type is the cost savings it will yield. However RFID technology provides additional advantages of real time and faster data capture, with a reduced human error factor. Unlike bar code-based systems, an RFID system can read the information on multiple tags without necessarily requiring line of sight and without the need for a particular orientation. The main business drivers throughout most sectors are as follows:

    • Optimise asset and resource utilisation
    • Optimise operational process & Manage supply chain exceptions
    • Reduce transportation costs
    • Reduce theft, wastage and loss
    • Increase financial return on investments
    • Optimise the labour force
    • Manage KPIs and benchmarking
    • Avoid congestion of assets and bottlenecks in the supply chain
    • To reduce overall supply chain costs
    • To assist in making informed decisions in respect of the logistics “loop"

    Where do you start?

    The range of technologies, standards and options for RFID systems are too numerous to list here, and there is a danger of over specifying the technology required.

    Providing that the system objective is not forgotten during the specification and implementation stage, then a suitable system integrator will ensure that there is not an over investment, or too much needless information being produced. It is therefore crucial that the functionality requirements and objectives are well thought out and defined in advance of partnering with a suitable System Integrator, specifically in relation to the management information you wish to extract from the system.

    It is widely acknowledged by all who have conducted pilot schemes and RFID implementation that the most crucial factor is to conduct a pilot scheme with partners that have a proven track record, and are not learning as they go along. Therefore a System Integrator with relevant industry sector experience is vital.

    From experience it is preferable, in the early planning stages, to have an independent project co-ordinator / facilitator assisting your project team. This individual should be separate from the Integrator and individual system / hardware suppliers working together on the project, and not part of any individual departments within your business that may bias the direction and objectives of the team.

    Your RFID project team should be kept as small as possible to reduce management time, training needs, misinformation, over analysis and to remain focused to the project objectives. Team members should then feed back to their own local departments and teams to facilitate the actions and objectives of the project team.

    What are your hardware requirements?

    The functional requirements of the system will dictate the hardware and software specifications, for example the read / write capabilities of the RFID tags will ultimately be dictated by the business objectives.

    With the ability to write tags comes the ability to change data. This is considered by some to be a very important feature of RFID, specifically when it relates to the retail and warehousing industry where it is not just pallets and boxes, but also individual product items being tracked and replenished. These business operations, information needs, standards, customer requirements and other variables can all change rapidly over a relatively short period of time.

    The RFID readers will be able to read tags at a rate of several dozen tags per second; however the speed at which that data is processed into the system is limited and dependent on the network and database. The amount of data held on a tag will affect the read rates. This therefore means that the middleware, back end processing and management reporting systems must be wholly compatible with the tags and readers supplied in terms of speed and capability.

    It will be the results of the Pilot scheme that facilitate the specific “roll out” requirements for the full system. The exact specifications of the hardware requirements for the pilot scheme are to be specified during the site survey and process analysis by the system integrator. What are your system software requirements?

    A key area for concern is handling the sheer volume and speed of data produced by an RFID system.

    If you were to implement an RFID system by directly hooking RFID readers to the backend management and ERP systems, the results will be disastrous due to the massive volume of data directly entering the system.

    What’s needed is the right system architecture, not only to maintain data accuracy and authenticity, but to make meaning of the vast volumes of data delivered by the RFID readers. Some estimates are that pallet, tote and item-level tracking, combined with data generated by RFID readers as items move within the enterprise, will increase the volume of data by 100 to 1,000 times today’s levels in most supply chains (source: RFID Journal).

    Effective RFID implementations should follow the architectural principles developed for financial trading systems, process control and large-scale network management. Like RFID systems, these systems process huge volumes of data, correct errors in real time, correlate events, detect trends and patterns, re-organise and cleanse data and recover from faults – all in real time.

    A role of the system integrator is to develop and implement an operational data management architecture that captures events at the “edge” of the enterprise, where operational activity occurs, rather than in the centre, where business-oriented transaction processing occurs. To achieve manageable data then the architectu

    Public Relations for State Gambling Boards
    Many citizens are quite angry at the state gambling boards in those states that allow gambling. They say that casinos are able to get away with murder and build giant projects and break all the rules of the city's codes. These same people say that many times environmental impact reports are looked over and cast aside because the casino has so much clout, lobbying dollars and is so ingrained in politics that they cannot be stopped.It is because of the mistrust of government and the gambling boards as well as the huge amounts of money that gambling casinos generate that people generally mistrust the entire system. To alleviate some of this mistrust from the citizenry and some of the problems, which go along with very outspoken minority groups, it makes sense to have a very strong public relations program for the gambling boards at the state level.These gambling boards need to have open communication lines with all major media outlets so they can explain exactly what is going on and educate the consumer, future gambler and the general public as to why they have made the decisions that they have. It is not easy to put in huge giant casinos that costs over $1 billion and citizens should understand that any project that size will have a number of mitigation issues simply to get the project done. Perhaps you will consider all this in 2006.
    or any investment of this type is the cost savings it will yield. However RFID technology provides additional advantages of real time and faster data capture, with a reduced human error factor. Unlike bar code-based systems, an RFID system can read the information on multiple tags without necessarily requiring line of sight and without the need for a particular orientation. The main business drivers throughout most sectors are as follows:

    • Optimise asset and resource utilisation
    • Optimise operational process & Manage supply chain exceptions
    • Reduce transportation costs
    • Reduce theft, wastage and loss
    • Increase financial return on investments
    • Optimise the labour force
    • Manage KPIs and benchmarking
    • Avoid congestion of assets and bottlenecks in the supply chain
    • To reduce overall supply chain costs
    • To assist in making informed decisions in respect of the logistics “loop"

    Where do you start?

    The range of technologies, standards and options for RFID systems are too numerous to list here, and there is a danger of over specifying the technology required.

    Providing that the system objective is not forgotten during the specification and implementation stage, then a suitable system integrator will ensure that there is not an over investment, or too much needless information being produced. It is therefore crucial that the functionality requirements and objectives are well thought out and defined in advance of partnering with a suitable System Integrator, specifically in relation to the management information you wish to extract from the system.

    It is widely acknowledged by all who have conducted pilot schemes and RFID implementation that the most crucial factor is to conduct a pilot scheme with partners that have a proven track record, and are not learning as they go along. Therefore a System Integrator with relevant industry sector experience is vital.

    From experience it is preferable, in the early planning stages, to have an independent project co-ordinator / facilitator assisting your project team. This individual should be separate from the Integrator and individual system / hardware suppliers working together on the project, and not part of any individual departments within your business that may bias the direction and objectives of the team.

    Your RFID project team should be kept as small as possible to reduce management time, training needs, misinformation, over analysis and to remain focused to the project objectives. Team members should then feed back to their own local departments and teams to facilitate the actions and objectives of the project team.

    What are your hardware requirements?

    The functional requirements of the system will dictate the hardware and software specifications, for example the read / write capabilities of the RFID tags will ultimately be dictated by the business objectives.

    With the ability to write tags comes the ability to change data. This is considered by some to be a very important feature of RFID, specifically when it relates to the retail and warehousing industry where it is not just pallets and boxes, but also individual product items being tracked and replenished. These business operations, information needs, standards, customer requirements and other variables can all change rapidly over a relatively short period of time.

    The RFID readers will be able to read tags at a rate of several dozen tags per second; however the speed at which that data is processed into the system is limited and dependent on the network and database. The amount of data held on a tag will affect the read rates. This therefore means that the middleware, back end processing and management reporting systems must be wholly compatible with the tags and readers supplied in terms of speed and capability.

    It will be the results of the Pilot scheme that facilitate the specific “roll out” requirements for the full system. The exact specifications of the hardware requirements for the pilot scheme are to be specified during the site survey and process analysis by the system integrator. What are your system software requirements?

    A key area for concern is handling the sheer volume and speed of data produced by an RFID system.

    If you were to implement an RFID system by directly hooking RFID readers to the backend management and ERP systems, the results will be disastrous due to the massive volume of data directly entering the system.

    What’s needed is the right system architecture, not only to maintain data accuracy and authenticity, but to make meaning of the vast volumes of data delivered by the RFID readers. Some estimates are that pallet, tote and item-level tracking, combined with data generated by RFID readers as items move within the enterprise, will increase the volume of data by 100 to 1,000 times today’s levels in most supply chains (source: RFID Journal).

    Effective RFID implementations should follow the architectural principles developed for financial trading systems, process control and large-scale network management. Like RFID systems, these systems process huge volumes of data, correct errors in real time, correlate events, detect trends and patterns, re-organise and cleanse data and recover from faults – all in real time.

    A role of the system integrator is to develop and implement an operational data management architecture that captures events at the “edge” of the enterprise, where operational activity occurs, rather than in the centre, where business-oriented transaction processing occurs. To achieve manageable data then the architect

    Cleaning Business Opportunities
    If you are looking for a business venture to get into, then a cleaning business opportunity could be right up your street. In today’s busy world more and more people are turning to hiring house cleaners to take care of their homes. The cleaning business provides several options and opportunities to start and run a successful full or part time business, big or small.People want and need all types of cleaning, from regular full general house cleaners to laundry specialists, carpet and upholstery and janitorial services.The cleaning business is one business which provides a vast array of opportunities to get your foot into the door of the business world.Good general house cleaners are always in demand, with more people following careers rather than staying home, reliable, professional cleaners are worth their weight in gold. The lay out costs are relatively cheap, with cleaning materials, equipment and reliable transport being all that’s really needed to get you started. Of course you will have to promote your business, but this can be done by advertising locally to begin with.Another way to get into the cleaning business is to choose to go commercially. Hospitals, schools, restaurants and day care centres all rely on good hard working, professional cleaners to keep things in tip top shape. Although there will be a little more cost involved if you choose to go commercially the start up costs are still relatively small. The hours you could work might differ from going into peoples homes, as offices, schools e.t.c could prefer night time or very early morning cleaners.Specialist services such as carpet and upholstery cleaning is also another popular business to get into. The majority of these start out being run from home and then expand. The cheapest way to get into this specialist area is to start res
    requirements and objectives are well thought out and defined in advance of partnering with a suitable System Integrator, specifically in relation to the management information you wish to extract from the system.

    It is widely acknowledged by all who have conducted pilot schemes and RFID implementation that the most crucial factor is to conduct a pilot scheme with partners that have a proven track record, and are not learning as they go along. Therefore a System Integrator with relevant industry sector experience is vital.

    From experience it is preferable, in the early planning stages, to have an independent project co-ordinator / facilitator assisting your project team. This individual should be separate from the Integrator and individual system / hardware suppliers working together on the project, and not part of any individual departments within your business that may bias the direction and objectives of the team.

    Your RFID project team should be kept as small as possible to reduce management time, training needs, misinformation, over analysis and to remain focused to the project objectives. Team members should then feed back to their own local departments and teams to facilitate the actions and objectives of the project team.

    What are your hardware requirements?

    The functional requirements of the system will dictate the hardware and software specifications, for example the read / write capabilities of the RFID tags will ultimately be dictated by the business objectives.

    With the ability to write tags comes the ability to change data. This is considered by some to be a very important feature of RFID, specifically when it relates to the retail and warehousing industry where it is not just pallets and boxes, but also individual product items being tracked and replenished. These business operations, information needs, standards, customer requirements and other variables can all change rapidly over a relatively short period of time.

    The RFID readers will be able to read tags at a rate of several dozen tags per second; however the speed at which that data is processed into the system is limited and dependent on the network and database. The amount of data held on a tag will affect the read rates. This therefore means that the middleware, back end processing and management reporting systems must be wholly compatible with the tags and readers supplied in terms of speed and capability.

    It will be the results of the Pilot scheme that facilitate the specific “roll out” requirements for the full system. The exact specifications of the hardware requirements for the pilot scheme are to be specified during the site survey and process analysis by the system integrator. What are your system software requirements?

    A key area for concern is handling the sheer volume and speed of data produced by an RFID system.

    If you were to implement an RFID system by directly hooking RFID readers to the backend management and ERP systems, the results will be disastrous due to the massive volume of data directly entering the system.

    What’s needed is the right system architecture, not only to maintain data accuracy and authenticity, but to make meaning of the vast volumes of data delivered by the RFID readers. Some estimates are that pallet, tote and item-level tracking, combined with data generated by RFID readers as items move within the enterprise, will increase the volume of data by 100 to 1,000 times today’s levels in most supply chains (source: RFID Journal).

    Effective RFID implementations should follow the architectural principles developed for financial trading systems, process control and large-scale network management. Like RFID systems, these systems process huge volumes of data, correct errors in real time, correlate events, detect trends and patterns, re-organise and cleanse data and recover from faults – all in real time.

    A role of the system integrator is to develop and implement an operational data management architecture that captures events at the “edge” of the enterprise, where operational activity occurs, rather than in the centre, where business-oriented transaction processing occurs. To achieve manageable data then the architect

    How to Keep Customers
    Who was it that said - "The customer is always right"? Well for those of you who can't get through the day without knowing, it was H Gordon Selfridge, the founder of Selfridges's department store in London.The question I want answered is; did he ever work with customers on day-to-day basis and if so, was he some kind of saint?Let's face it; customers can be a real pain in the neck. You move heaven and earth for them, you respond to their every whim, you give them time to pay and they still try to screw your prices down.Just when you've done all that, they leave you and start buying from one of your competitors.Wouldn't running a business be a whole lot better if we didn't have customers? Well, as we know only too well, we do need customers and lots of them. We want them to stay with us and we want them to say nice things about us to other people.We also want them to pay us on time and accept the fact that we might be a bit more expensive than others.So how do we perform this miracle? It's dead easy really; you only have to consider two factors: be reliable and be likeable. First off, let's consider what we mean by being reliable.Reliability is about your product or service doing what you say it will do. It comes in two parts, the first part being: doing it right first time and doing it on time. If you can't get this bit right then you're going to have big problems. Customers will accept the occasional mistake, but too many and you've had it, so let's look a bit closer at reliability.We've come a long way in recent years in terms of product and core service reliability. Nowadays when people buy a product or service they expect it to work. You don't buy a computer, a washing machine or an automobile and worry that it might not work. You know that it wil
    the read / write capabilities of the RFID tags will ultimately be dictated by the business objectives.

    With the ability to write tags comes the ability to change data. This is considered by some to be a very important feature of RFID, specifically when it relates to the retail and warehousing industry where it is not just pallets and boxes, but also individual product items being tracked and replenished. These business operations, information needs, standards, customer requirements and other variables can all change rapidly over a relatively short period of time.

    The RFID readers will be able to read tags at a rate of several dozen tags per second; however the speed at which that data is processed into the system is limited and dependent on the network and database. The amount of data held on a tag will affect the read rates. This therefore means that the middleware, back end processing and management reporting systems must be wholly compatible with the tags and readers supplied in terms of speed and capability.

    It will be the results of the Pilot scheme that facilitate the specific “roll out” requirements for the full system. The exact specifications of the hardware requirements for the pilot scheme are to be specified during the site survey and process analysis by the system integrator. What are your system software requirements?

    A key area for concern is handling the sheer volume and speed of data produced by an RFID system.

    If you were to implement an RFID system by directly hooking RFID readers to the backend management and ERP systems, the results will be disastrous due to the massive volume of data directly entering the system.

    What’s needed is the right system architecture, not only to maintain data accuracy and authenticity, but to make meaning of the vast volumes of data delivered by the RFID readers. Some estimates are that pallet, tote and item-level tracking, combined with data generated by RFID readers as items move within the enterprise, will increase the volume of data by 100 to 1,000 times today’s levels in most supply chains (source: RFID Journal).

    Effective RFID implementations should follow the architectural principles developed for financial trading systems, process control and large-scale network management. Like RFID systems, these systems process huge volumes of data, correct errors in real time, correlate events, detect trends and patterns, re-organise and cleanse data and recover from faults – all in real time.

    A role of the system integrator is to develop and implement an operational data management architecture that captures events at the “edge” of the enterprise, where operational activity occurs, rather than in the centre, where business-oriented transaction processing occurs. To achieve manageable data then the architect

    Does Size Matter? According to the Research, Yes.
    According to Finance professors Dave Yermack of NYU and Crocker Liu of Arizona State, there is a strong inverse correlation between the size of a CEO's home and the share price performance of their company. By big, the authors were referring to homes over 10,000 square feet or on at least 10 acres. While quoting some anecdotes like the poor performance of Rich-Man complexes owned by the CEOs of Home Depot and Hilton Hotels, the broader data set showed that large home owners lagged the S&P by 25% for the 3 years following their purchase compared to 22% returns for those owning more measly homes under 10,000 square feet.This is certainly an interesting finding and it's backed up by relevant statiscally sound data. Although I'm sure it's not inclusive of all homes of all S&P CEOs, any variability within one population would be expected to exist for the other population wrt sample omission, sample size, error in appraisal value/square footage reporting, etc. Based on the quirky findings from this study, there obviously isn't an ETF or mutual fund out there to capitalize on this phenomena, but can serve as a red flag for investors moving forward.What to do with this information? Presumably, purchases of this size say something about the fiscal responsibility, prudence, or or leadership style of these CEOs (think Enron, Tyco, Comcast). Next time you see your favorite company's CEO on the news for the $12million dollar mansion in the hills, consider whether this is the type of leader you want to invest your money with.
    lume and speed of data produced by an RFID system.

    If you were to implement an RFID system by directly hooking RFID readers to the backend management and ERP systems, the results will be disastrous due to the massive volume of data directly entering the system.

    What’s needed is the right system architecture, not only to maintain data accuracy and authenticity, but to make meaning of the vast volumes of data delivered by the RFID readers. Some estimates are that pallet, tote and item-level tracking, combined with data generated by RFID readers as items move within the enterprise, will increase the volume of data by 100 to 1,000 times today’s levels in most supply chains (source: RFID Journal).

    Effective RFID implementations should follow the architectural principles developed for financial trading systems, process control and large-scale network management. Like RFID systems, these systems process huge volumes of data, correct errors in real time, correlate events, detect trends and patterns, re-organise and cleanse data and recover from faults – all in real time.

    A role of the system integrator is to develop and implement an operational data management architecture that captures events at the “edge” of the enterprise, where operational activity occurs, rather than in the centre, where business-oriented transaction processing occurs. To achieve manageable data then the architecture will comprise of data concentrators and pipelines to route relevant data to the specific user systems that require it, thus not overloading any individual back end management system. For example:- container / pallet data to the asset management system, product and stock data to the ERP and MRP systems cost data to the financial management systems and so on…….

    System compatibility in a Global Supply Chain is important, not necessarily for the pilot scheme, but if it is to facilitate a successful roll out across the whole supply chain. Global standards are progressing with the new systems created in compliance with the EPCglobal Generation 2 (Gen 2) standard.

    Gen 2 creates a foundation on which to build interoperable RFID products and systems that will improve inventory management, logistics and retail operations around the world. However there will be significant performance and capability differences among Gen 2 compliant equipment. Gen 2 is a standard, and standards specify minimum performance requirements and will therefore not accommodate all systems, as standard –based equipment will not provide a standard performance.

    Gen 2 specifies basic RFID communications performance required for common supply chain business processes. However, although companies within the same sector have similar information needs as their competitors and have comparable business practices, usage environments will be very different depending on age and design of the assembly / manufacturing facility, geography and culture. Gen 2 or any RFID technology won't provide exactly the same performance at any two facilities. That is why it is important to understand the difference between what Gen 2 specifies and the range of performance that Gen 2 compliant products can provide.

    What next?

    RFID does not need to be as complicated or as daunting as some of the industry players would have you believe. Just because the technology exists it does not need to be used to maximum capacity throughout all supply chains. The following factors are considered to be key when moving forward:

    • Do not overcomplicate the technology; use what is suitable to meet your objectives.
    • Ensure the correct partner (system integrator / provider) is engaged from the outset.
    • Ensure that the systems chosen can move with technology
    • The pilot scheme is just that - it will need development

    RFID system planning is crucial to its success but can on its own be a major task. This combined with the fact that you may have little or no RFID expertise internally can prevent you from taking your first steps to deciding if RFID is suitable to you and your business. Gideon Hillman Consulting can assist you with knowledge and experienced based RFID system planning and help you design a project plan with specific focus on:

    -Project Objectives & Scope
    -Resource Requirements
    -Project Stages and Timescale
    -Project Milestones
    -Integrator / Supplier Choice
    -Regular Technical Reviews

    Investment into planning and consultative project management at the outset can negate over investment and additional cost in the longer term.

    RFID Terminology:

    ASN – Advanced Shipping Notice – notification between vendor and customer of parts due or to be delivered.
    Agile reader - An RFID reader that can read tags operating at different frequencies or different communication protocols.
    Air interface protocol - The standards that govern how RFID tags and readers communicate.
    Anti-collision - Anti-collision algorithms are used to collect data from multiple RFID tags at the same time from the same RFID reader without interference.
    Auto-ID Centre - The original non-profit organisation that helped develop RFID system technology. This work is now continued by EPCglobal.
    Backscatter - The communication method between a passive RFID tag and a reader. An RF signal sent by a reader is reflected back to the reader from the tag, which is modulated to transmit data.
    Beacon - An active or semi-passive RFID tag that is programmed to wake up and broadcast a signal at pre-set intervals.
    Commissioning - Writing data to an RFID tag for the first time. This can happen at the factory or later using a smart label printer.
    Concentrator - A device used to gather data from multiple RFID readers at the same time. Contactless smart card - A credit card or buyer card that contains an RFID chip to transmit information without having to be swiped through a reader.
    EPC – Electronic Product Codes
    EPCglobal - The organisation set up to commercialise RFID technology, which has taken over this task from the Auto-ID Centre.
    Far-field communication - An RFID tag that is located one full wavelength away from an RFID reader.
    HHT – Hand Held Terminal – portable handheld RFID reader which operators can carry to manually interrogate RFID tags
    Inductive coupling. - An RFID reader antenna and a tag antenna each have a coil, which together form a magnetic field. The RFID tag draws electrical energy from this field, which powers its microchip. The microchip then changes the electrical characteristics of the tag antenna. These changes are sensed up by the reader antenna and converted into a serial number for the RFID tag.
    Interrogator - Another name for an RFID reader.
    KPIs – Key Performance Indicators – used in performance benchmarking processes
    License plate - A simple RFID system that only tracks RFID tag serial numbers and no other information.
    Middleware - In the context of an RFID system, refers to software that is used to filter RFID data and pa

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