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Casual Articles - Role Of Self Help Groups In Conservation Of The Environment
Worms and viruses can actually help you market your services, and in particular your IT audits. As soon as you hear about them in the news, you can expect that many of the small businesses you work with will encounter problems with them.Events like worms and viruses unfortunately for companies quickly make companies aware of the importance of power protection, orderly shutdowns and backup generators. Often the worm and virus cleanup issues and their effects on security are catastrophic. These are the times when you can sell IT audits.How To Market It AuditsMarketing IT audits means putting together a fixed price package that you know you can offer to clients. Go in with an inventory checklist and talk to them about important security issues, how they are protecting themselves against viruses, what their licenses are and if everything is updated. Also talk about their firewalls, how they keep them current and the last time they checked all their hardware and software.Almost every new small business you approach will present you with a cleanup opportunity. Most companies believe they are totally protected from viruses and security, but many are not. Through IT audits you can find out how protected
Joint Forest Management
The forest management in India experienced a pivotal change in 1990 when the ministry of Environment and forest, Govt of India issued policy guidelines for the joint forest management (JFM) to combat deforestation and degradation in the country. The JFM is a system of governance that devolves the responsibility of forest protection and management on ecosystem people in partnership with the state forest department for regeneration, efficient and sustainable conservation.
People are organized into village forest committees (VFCS) at the village(s) level with executive committee (EC) elected by the VFC members. The EC takes the role of the regulator in monitoring the access to forests and also in regulating utilization of forester’s resources. Currently 27 Indian states have adopted JFM and over 63,000 FPCs are managing around 14 million hectare of forestlands.
Suggestions for Sustained Environmental Conservation • Population control • Rain water harvesting • Conservation of sea and its resources • Controlling soil erosion • Controlling the emission of industrial pollutants • Using non chemical and hand made products. • Using bio-degradable and environment friendly articles • Conservation of natural forests and development of new forests • Cutting only dry trees • Energy saving • Banning the production of products which create pollution like plastic Bags • Using natural and bio fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. • Recycling the waste • Using non conventional energy source like S
Wooing customers is a little bit like dating. No, you can't present the engagement ring on your first date! There's a two-way relationship that grows one step at a time before it leads to the church doors. You can't rush it... you can't skip it... if you're looking for the satisfaction of a life-long commitment.Getting to know your date, or getting to know your customer takes a little time and effort. The personality, likes and dislikes of each date are different, but customers share some commonalities that you, the marketer, can grab onto. Give them what they want, and they'll become the loyal, life-time customers that make your business prosper.1. Forget About Selling... Put The Emphasis On Buying People like to think that all of their buying decisions were reached due to their own great ideas and skillful shopping. Hey, no one is fond of a pushy salesman. A salesman who “HELPS” them discover the best buy for their buck on the other hand, is a hero.Really, when a person walks into your place of business, they are most likely thinking of making a purchase before they get there. You don’t have to persuade them to buy. You can take it easy, and simply help them decide what the best purchase is.Keep your
The Relationship between man and Environment is very close. First of all he tries to adjust himself with the environment and then adjust the environment according to himself. Man has achieved success in almost every area and this has resulted in making lives more comfortable. But this development has been gained at the cost of environment degradation. Industrialization has led man to cutting down trees for the establishment of their industries based civilization. This has resulted in an imbalance in the environment which is a very serious issue.
With the increased burden of population the environment gets degraded because the carrying capacity is limited and the population growth rate is increasing day by day, which in turn increases the burden on the environment.
Almost all cultures have in some way or the other recognized the importance of nature, its bio-diversity and the need to maintain it. Yet power and greed have affected this precarious balance. Bio-diversity boosts ecosystem productivity and plays an important role in preventing and recovering from various disasters. It is feared that human activity is causing Massive extinctions, however, sustainable development and conservation would help arrest many ecological problems.
India’s ongoing population explosion has placed great strain on the country’s environment. This rapidly growing population, urbanization and industrialization, have placed significance pressure on the country’s infrastructure and its natural resources. While deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution and land degradation continue to hinder economic development in rural India, rapid industrialization and urbanization in India’s booming metropolises at straining the limits of municipal services and causing serious air pollution problems. Not only are industrial pollution increasing public health risks, abatement efforts are also consuming a significant portion of our GDP.
The government’s ability to safe guard the country’s environment will depend on its success in promoting policies that keep the economy growing and meet the populace requirements in an effective and sustainable manner.
India has made significant efforts in the fields of environmental protection and also in developing protection standards for both products and processes. India’s strong supports of air quality and alternative fuel have been widely acknowledged.
The role of Self Helps Groups (SHG) has assumed national attention in rural development instead of single beneficiary activities, group (10-20members) activities are broad based and rewarding. The Self Helps Groups are micro institutions, which contribute largely to the rural development and Environmental Conservation Programmes.
This paper brings to the light the role-played by the NGO led Self Help Groups in preserving and conserving our environment.
The concept of Self Help Group:
A SHG is a group of about 20 people from a homogeneous class who come together, for addressing their common problems. The lower age limit for the member is 18 and the upper age limit is 60. The group members of SHG are encouraged to make voluntary thrift on a regular basis. They use this pooled resources to make small interest bearing loans to their members.
The group has an animator to co-ordinate and two representatives from the members. The animator acts a leader of the group and help in smooth running of the group activities.
Initiatives taken by the SHG’s in environmental related issues:
Health:
Good health stimulates economic growth and social stability, while reducing poverty and income inequality, promoting good health particularly benefits the poor who are largely dependent on their own labor for their livelihood.
Many of the villages in India are so for untouched by the government health services. In order to make the health services accessible to all members of the communities the medium of Self Help Groups are used by the NGO’s to provide these services.
The success of the health initiatives are closely linked to women’s self-help groups. These self help group play an important role in creating awareness about community issues and needs.
The following are the areas in which SHG’s are actively engaging themselves in order to create awareness about health among the village communities. Health awareness programmes are run in villages in different form by the SHG’s with the help of Non Governmental Organisations (NOGs). They are
- Health awareness Exhibitions.
- Meetings.
- Demonstration sessions.
- Immunization of mother and children.
- Family planning camps and counseling for family planning.
- Health checks up camps for the community.
- HIV/AIDS, STD awareness programmes & video shows.
- Child health and nutrition.
Hygiene
Health and hygiene go hand in hand. When hygiene is there the community will have good heath and bad hygiene conditions are the cause for many of the dreadful disease like malaria, tuberculosis’s etc.
The SHG’S take keen interest in spreading the message of cleanliness and hygiene among the community members. Their product portfolio also includes hygiene related products like sanitary napkins cleaning agents, Phenoil etc., The following are the areas in which the SHGs are working to improve the hygiene and living conditions of the village community.
Drinking Water
Unsafe drinking water is the main source of water borne diseases. In the rural areas getting safe drinking water is always problematic. The main source of their drinking water is that collected in the ponds and ditches during the monsoon.
The NGOs and other Governmental organizations are working towards providing safe drinking water to the villages. To ensure that safe drinking water is made available to the majority of the community they help in digging bore wells and drinking water wells. This task of providing safe drinking water is also entrusted with the Self Help Groups. This goes a long way in eradication of diseases in many villages.
Toilet Facilities
The Self Help Groups are also creating awareness about using public toilet facilities. The Government and NGOs are also constructing Public toilets in the villages with the help of Self Help Groups.
Other sanitary conditions:
They are also educating the village community about the necessity of maintaining personal hygiene, keeping the food items closed, keeping the public places clean and proper disposal of solid and liquid waste.
Nature preservation
The SHGs are helping in the preservation of nature by producing the products by using the raw materials which are available locally there by they get livelihood in their own areas. This in turn helps in avoiding people moving out to urban areas in search of the livelihood.
They also produce products which are non polluting to the environment and recyclable like paper bags, articles made from the wastes of plants and trees etc.,
Joint Forest Management
The forest management in India experienced a pivotal change in 1990 when the ministry of Environment and forest, Govt of India issued policy guidelines for the joint forest management (JFM) to combat deforestation and degradation in the country. The JFM is a system of governance that devolves the responsibility of forest protection and management on ecosystem people in partnership with the state forest department for regeneration, efficient and sustainable conservation.
People are organized into village forest committees (VFCS) at the village(s) level with executive committee (EC) elected by the VFC members. The EC takes the role of the regulator in monitoring the access to forests and also in regulating utilization of forester’s resources. Currently 27 Indian states have adopted JFM and over 63,000 FPCs are managing around 14 million hectare of forestlands.
Suggestions for Sustained Environmental Conservation • Population control • Rain water harvesting • Conservation of sea and its resources • Controlling soil erosion • Controlling the emission of industrial pollutants • Using non chemical and hand made products. • Using bio-degradable and environment friendly articles • Conservation of natural forests and development of new forests • Cutting only dry trees • Energy saving • Banning the production of products which create pollution like plastic Bags • Using natural and bio fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. • Recycling the waste • Using non conventional energy source like So
There are so many things that can prevent a retail store from being successful. We have listed 14 obstacles to retail success. Any one of these can be harmful to your retail business, but it only takes one to be fatal. They are not listed in any particular order. We will list ways to combat these obstacles also.1. Selection of Products- Many retail owners select products based on what they like. The key is to pick items your customers will love. If you get input from other employees or management, it will make it easier to make better buying decisions. Also, many times the owner has a limited taste and is missing a large group of customers. Ultimately, the owner may make the final decision, but the more info presented should result in better buying for the retail business.2. Not Organized- Too many owners run their business without a plan. You should have short-term and long-term goals. I used to have a weekly list plus a master list of things to do. It was always subject to change. Also, take care of mail daily. I have been to stores and see mountains of mail stacked high in the store.3. Lack of Delegation- Too many owners refused or afraid of delegating. It may be they are control freaks or don’t trust empl
The government’s ability to safe guard the country’s environment will depend on its success in promoting policies that keep the economy growing and meet the populace requirements in an effective and sustainable manner.
India has made significant efforts in the fields of environmental protection and also in developing protection standards for both products and processes. India’s strong supports of air quality and alternative fuel have been widely acknowledged.
The role of Self Helps Groups (SHG) has assumed national attention in rural development instead of single beneficiary activities, group (10-20members) activities are broad based and rewarding. The Self Helps Groups are micro institutions, which contribute largely to the rural development and Environmental Conservation Programmes.
This paper brings to the light the role-played by the NGO led Self Help Groups in preserving and conserving our environment.
The concept of Self Help Group:
A SHG is a group of about 20 people from a homogeneous class who come together, for addressing their common problems. The lower age limit for the member is 18 and the upper age limit is 60. The group members of SHG are encouraged to make voluntary thrift on a regular basis. They use this pooled resources to make small interest bearing loans to their members.
The group has an animator to co-ordinate and two representatives from the members. The animator acts a leader of the group and help in smooth running of the group activities.
Initiatives taken by the SHG’s in environmental related issues:
Health:
Good health stimulates economic growth and social stability, while reducing poverty and income inequality, promoting good health particularly benefits the poor who are largely dependent on their own labor for their livelihood.
Many of the villages in India are so for untouched by the government health services. In order to make the health services accessible to all members of the communities the medium of Self Help Groups are used by the NGO’s to provide these services.
The success of the health initiatives are closely linked to women’s self-help groups. These self help group play an important role in creating awareness about community issues and needs.
The following are the areas in which SHG’s are actively engaging themselves in order to create awareness about health among the village communities. Health awareness programmes are run in villages in different form by the SHG’s with the help of Non Governmental Organisations (NOGs). They are
- Health awareness Exhibitions.
- Meetings.
- Demonstration sessions.
- Immunization of mother and children.
- Family planning camps and counseling for family planning.
- Health checks up camps for the community.
- HIV/AIDS, STD awareness programmes & video shows.
- Child health and nutrition.
Hygiene
Health and hygiene go hand in hand. When hygiene is there the community will have good heath and bad hygiene conditions are the cause for many of the dreadful disease like malaria, tuberculosis’s etc.
The SHG’S take keen interest in spreading the message of cleanliness and hygiene among the community members. Their product portfolio also includes hygiene related products like sanitary napkins cleaning agents, Phenoil etc., The following are the areas in which the SHGs are working to improve the hygiene and living conditions of the village community.
Drinking Water
Unsafe drinking water is the main source of water borne diseases. In the rural areas getting safe drinking water is always problematic. The main source of their drinking water is that collected in the ponds and ditches during the monsoon.
The NGOs and other Governmental organizations are working towards providing safe drinking water to the villages. To ensure that safe drinking water is made available to the majority of the community they help in digging bore wells and drinking water wells. This task of providing safe drinking water is also entrusted with the Self Help Groups. This goes a long way in eradication of diseases in many villages.
Toilet Facilities
The Self Help Groups are also creating awareness about using public toilet facilities. The Government and NGOs are also constructing Public toilets in the villages with the help of Self Help Groups.
Other sanitary conditions:
They are also educating the village community about the necessity of maintaining personal hygiene, keeping the food items closed, keeping the public places clean and proper disposal of solid and liquid waste.
Nature preservation
The SHGs are helping in the preservation of nature by producing the products by using the raw materials which are available locally there by they get livelihood in their own areas. This in turn helps in avoiding people moving out to urban areas in search of the livelihood.
They also produce products which are non polluting to the environment and recyclable like paper bags, articles made from the wastes of plants and trees etc.,
Joint Forest Management
The forest management in India experienced a pivotal change in 1990 when the ministry of Environment and forest, Govt of India issued policy guidelines for the joint forest management (JFM) to combat deforestation and degradation in the country. The JFM is a system of governance that devolves the responsibility of forest protection and management on ecosystem people in partnership with the state forest department for regeneration, efficient and sustainable conservation.
People are organized into village forest committees (VFCS) at the village(s) level with executive committee (EC) elected by the VFC members. The EC takes the role of the regulator in monitoring the access to forests and also in regulating utilization of forester’s resources. Currently 27 Indian states have adopted JFM and over 63,000 FPCs are managing around 14 million hectare of forestlands.
Suggestions for Sustained Environmental Conservation • Population control • Rain water harvesting • Conservation of sea and its resources • Controlling soil erosion • Controlling the emission of industrial pollutants • Using non chemical and hand made products. • Using bio-degradable and environment friendly articles • Conservation of natural forests and development of new forests • Cutting only dry trees • Energy saving • Banning the production of products which create pollution like plastic Bags • Using natural and bio fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. • Recycling the waste • Using non conventional energy source like S
How important are staff to your practice? That’s sort of a basic question, because everyone knows that without staff you can’t do your own job. But really, how important do we consider our staff? After all, they haven’t been to school as long as we have, they don’t know as much, they don’t make the money we do. Shouldn’t it be easy to replace them when we need to?It’s easy to fall into the trap of under-rating the importance of staff to a practice; but it’s at least as bad to have the wrong staff in your practice. Who are the ‘wrong’ staff? Most of us would say those who don’t work hard, or take too many breaks, or don’t know what they’re doing, or who don’t take initiative. Now, these are serious defects, but the problem goes deeper – are we hiring staff who really complement the practice?When you opened your practice you had an ideal in mind. Most likely it included doing the right thing with patients, providing top-notch care, having patients excited enough to tell others about what you were doing. Physicians have values they bring to their practice. The problem is, they don’t take the time at the front end to formalize those values, and they almost never seek to hire staff who share those same values.oup activities.
Initiatives taken by the SHG’s in environmental related issues:
Health:
Good health stimulates economic growth and social stability, while reducing poverty and income inequality, promoting good health particularly benefits the poor who are largely dependent on their own labor for their livelihood.
Many of the villages in India are so for untouched by the government health services. In order to make the health services accessible to all members of the communities the medium of Self Help Groups are used by the NGO’s to provide these services.
The success of the health initiatives are closely linked to women’s self-help groups. These self help group play an important role in creating awareness about community issues and needs.
The following are the areas in which SHG’s are actively engaging themselves in order to create awareness about health among the village communities. Health awareness programmes are run in villages in different form by the SHG’s with the help of Non Governmental Organisations (NOGs). They are
- Health awareness Exhibitions.
- Meetings.
- Demonstration sessions.
- Immunization of mother and children.
- Family planning camps and counseling for family planning.
- Health checks up camps for the community.
- HIV/AIDS, STD awareness programmes & video shows.
- Child health and nutrition.
Hygiene
Health and hygiene go hand in hand. When hygiene is there the community will have good heath and bad hygiene conditions are the cause for many of the dreadful disease like malaria, tuberculosis’s etc.
The SHG’S take keen interest in spreading the message of cleanliness and hygiene among the community members. Their product portfolio also includes hygiene related products like sanitary napkins cleaning agents, Phenoil etc., The following are the areas in which the SHGs are working to improve the hygiene and living conditions of the village community.
Drinking Water
Unsafe drinking water is the main source of water borne diseases. In the rural areas getting safe drinking water is always problematic. The main source of their drinking water is that collected in the ponds and ditches during the monsoon.
The NGOs and other Governmental organizations are working towards providing safe drinking water to the villages. To ensure that safe drinking water is made available to the majority of the community they help in digging bore wells and drinking water wells. This task of providing safe drinking water is also entrusted with the Self Help Groups. This goes a long way in eradication of diseases in many villages.
Toilet Facilities
The Self Help Groups are also creating awareness about using public toilet facilities. The Government and NGOs are also constructing Public toilets in the villages with the help of Self Help Groups.
Other sanitary conditions:
They are also educating the village community about the necessity of maintaining personal hygiene, keeping the food items closed, keeping the public places clean and proper disposal of solid and liquid waste.
Nature preservation
The SHGs are helping in the preservation of nature by producing the products by using the raw materials which are available locally there by they get livelihood in their own areas. This in turn helps in avoiding people moving out to urban areas in search of the livelihood.
They also produce products which are non polluting to the environment and recyclable like paper bags, articles made from the wastes of plants and trees etc.,
Joint Forest Management
The forest management in India experienced a pivotal change in 1990 when the ministry of Environment and forest, Govt of India issued policy guidelines for the joint forest management (JFM) to combat deforestation and degradation in the country. The JFM is a system of governance that devolves the responsibility of forest protection and management on ecosystem people in partnership with the state forest department for regeneration, efficient and sustainable conservation.
People are organized into village forest committees (VFCS) at the village(s) level with executive committee (EC) elected by the VFC members. The EC takes the role of the regulator in monitoring the access to forests and also in regulating utilization of forester’s resources. Currently 27 Indian states have adopted JFM and over 63,000 FPCs are managing around 14 million hectare of forestlands.
Suggestions for Sustained Environmental Conservation • Population control • Rain water harvesting • Conservation of sea and its resources • Controlling soil erosion • Controlling the emission of industrial pollutants • Using non chemical and hand made products. • Using bio-degradable and environment friendly articles • Conservation of natural forests and development of new forests • Cutting only dry trees • Energy saving • Banning the production of products which create pollution like plastic Bags • Using natural and bio fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. • Recycling the waste • Using non conventional energy source like S
I purchased a video-conferencing unit to connect my office visually with clients all over the world. To use the equipment I need a high-speed telephone line. ‘No problem,’ I thought, ‘I’ll just call the telephone company.’The telephone company referred me to the ISDN Department for high-speed access. The ISDN Department referred me to an outside vendor who faxed me an application form from the telephone company!I filled out the forms and faxed them back to the vendor. He faxed them back to the ISDN Department, who then called me to arrange an appointment. But the appointment is only to ‘lay the line’. A second appointment is needed after that to ‘commission the line’. In between these two appointments, the vendor must come once again to install special ‘terminator’ equipment. Phew!As I was ordering high-speed access for video-conferencing, I considered using the same line for high-speed access to the Internet. The vendor faxed me another form from a different department of the telephone company (the Internet Access Department), which I filled out and returned to the vendor. The vendor faxed the form to the Internet Access Department.The Internet Access Department called me to clarify my decision. Was I
Drinking Water
Unsafe drinking water is the main source of water borne diseases. In the rural areas getting safe drinking water is always problematic. The main source of their drinking water is that collected in the ponds and ditches during the monsoon.
The NGOs and other Governmental organizations are working towards providing safe drinking water to the villages. To ensure that safe drinking water is made available to the majority of the community they help in digging bore wells and drinking water wells. This task of providing safe drinking water is also entrusted with the Self Help Groups. This goes a long way in eradication of diseases in many villages.
Toilet Facilities
The Self Help Groups are also creating awareness about using public toilet facilities. The Government and NGOs are also constructing Public toilets in the villages with the help of Self Help Groups.
Other sanitary conditions:
They are also educating the village community about the necessity of maintaining personal hygiene, keeping the food items closed, keeping the public places clean and proper disposal of solid and liquid waste.
Nature preservation
The SHGs are helping in the preservation of nature by producing the products by using the raw materials which are available locally there by they get livelihood in their own areas. This in turn helps in avoiding people moving out to urban areas in search of the livelihood.
They also produce products which are non polluting to the environment and recyclable like paper bags, articles made from the wastes of plants and trees etc.,
Joint Forest Management
The forest management in India experienced a pivotal change in 1990 when the ministry of Environment and forest, Govt of India issued policy guidelines for the joint forest management (JFM) to combat deforestation and degradation in the country. The JFM is a system of governance that devolves the responsibility of forest protection and management on ecosystem people in partnership with the state forest department for regeneration, efficient and sustainable conservation.
People are organized into village forest committees (VFCS) at the village(s) level with executive committee (EC) elected by the VFC members. The EC takes the role of the regulator in monitoring the access to forests and also in regulating utilization of forester’s resources. Currently 27 Indian states have adopted JFM and over 63,000 FPCs are managing around 14 million hectare of forestlands.
Suggestions for Sustained Environmental Conservation • Population control • Rain water harvesting • Conservation of sea and its resources • Controlling soil erosion • Controlling the emission of industrial pollutants • Using non chemical and hand made products. • Using bio-degradable and environment friendly articles • Conservation of natural forests and development of new forests • Cutting only dry trees • Energy saving • Banning the production of products which create pollution like plastic Bags • Using natural and bio fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. • Recycling the waste • Using non conventional energy source like S
Investments of these companies have helped stressed local economies space and opportunity to expand. The technology and management knowledge that multinational companies bring in has helped local research and development to improve standard practices and policies.Thus, companies engaging in the international market today are not just considered as commercial ventures, they also serve as highways of trade liberalization and development. The level of international commerce today has allowed for opportunities to stimulate both economies and companies to grow and explore new possibilities for development. The continued incentives that can be realized from internationalization of operations will be one that companies will be hard pressed to resist. Companies are realizing that becoming more aware of markets in a global perspective is an essential element in creating the strategies that are more significant in the long run.This is not only to be able to become competitively globally but also to protect their existing market positions. Though achieving true globalization is still be problematic and is still in its early years, it is important that companies orient themselves and their business objectives in a worldwide stan
Joint Forest Management
The forest management in India experienced a pivotal change in 1990 when the ministry of Environment and forest, Govt of India issued policy guidelines for the joint forest management (JFM) to combat deforestation and degradation in the country. The JFM is a system of governance that devolves the responsibility of forest protection and management on ecosystem people in partnership with the state forest department for regeneration, efficient and sustainable conservation.
People are organized into village forest committees (VFCS) at the village(s) level with executive committee (EC) elected by the VFC members. The EC takes the role of the regulator in monitoring the access to forests and also in regulating utilization of forester’s resources. Currently 27 Indian states have adopted JFM and over 63,000 FPCs are managing around 14 million hectare of forestlands.
Suggestions for Sustained Environmental Conservation • Population control • Rain water harvesting • Conservation of sea and its resources • Controlling soil erosion • Controlling the emission of industrial pollutants • Using non chemical and hand made products. • Using bio-degradable and environment friendly articles • Conservation of natural forests and development of new forests • Cutting only dry trees • Energy saving • Banning the production of products which create pollution like plastic Bags • Using natural and bio fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. • Recycling the waste • Using non conventional energy source like Solar energy Hydro-power ,wind energy ,Energy from sea waves , Bio-gas etc, • Including the topics on environmental awareness and nature
protection from the primary education
Contribution of SHGs for the development of Society
CONCLUSION
The self-help groups activities are not only revolving around savings and credits but also integrating the socio economical & health issues into the various agendas of the groups. The role played by SHGs in conservation and preservation of environment contribute to development of the society.
REFERENCES
1. R Jayanthi , ‘A Study On the working of Self Help Groups with special reference to Avinashi block village Panchayaths in Coimbatore Dist’ 2004 M.Phil thesis submitted to Madurai Kamaraj University. 2. ‘Magalir Membattu Muttram’ Monthly magazine of Tamilnadu Women Development Corporation Ltd , 2004 December . 3. Prasanth Pandey, Neetu Kaushik, Environment, Population and Economic Development, Yojana (volume 48), pg 41-43. (June 2004). 4. J.Bhakyalakshmi, Thittam (volume 35), pg 22-25. August 2004. 5. www.idb.org/vi/geo/asia.htm 6. www.spw.org 7. http//gramalaya.org 8. www.indianagos.com/cosp.htm. 9. mstncdw@sathyam.net.in 10. www.aid.org.vt.edu/Deepam_shg/proposal.html.
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