Casual Articles - Reference and Education

How To Buy Accounting Services For Small Businesses
Finance and its proper management is the key factor determining the success or failure of any small business. It is important that the finances are managed properly and utilized appropriately and this is made easier by finding a good accounting service with qualified and experienced CPA’s who could guide and help the business succeed in all its ventures, as few owners have the skills to do their own accounts. They will help identify ways the business can cut unnecessary expenses and reduce operating costs significantly.Accounting services for small businesses are needed for dealing with tax matters such as federal, state and payroll tax planning, preparing and documenting tax records, returns, filing tax returns, dealing with state income and franchise taxes, estate planning, book keeping, for preparing loan applications etc. Therefore, it is essential for small business owners to hire a good accounting service firm or an independent CPA by browsing through the yellow pages, or asking your banker or lawyer to recommend a good firm or individual. You can meet several firms, find out the services they offer and the costs, describe what services you need and find out how much it may cost, ask for references. Make sure that you would be able to have healthy working relationship with the accountant you hire.Tips to Buy

(1982), in their review of the occupational stress literature, concluded that there was a relationship between work stress and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) . However, they also state that the research has not yet established causal relationships. Traditional risk factors appear to account for about 25% of CHD. Work stress and other factors are associated with the remaining 75%.

The sample of the present study consisted of 153 correctional employees from two mid-Atlantic state prisons. Predictor variables were social support at home and at work, cynicism, role problems, and work trauma. Criterion variables included emotional distress and physical health.

Work stress exists in every job environment. Identifying the factors which are associated with worker distress can make it possible to modify the environment in ways which are beneficial to the employee and the employer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of certain individual, interpersonal, and environmental variables to employee distress and illness in a correctional setting. The relationships are complex. Some of the findings of this study support existing research. Other results suggest new variables to be examined in the areas of work stress and health.

In this study there is a strong relat

9 Myths About Being Single at Christmas
More than 48% of US households are headed by unmarried individuals. The American Association for Single People projects that by 2010, 47.2% of adults will be unmarried. Being single does not mean being alone, not does being in a couple for the holidays insure happiness. Let’s dispel some myths!Myth: Single people are lonely at Christmas. Reality: No moreso than anyone else. This is a projection of people who fear “being alone for the holidays,” a fear of the unknown.Myth: Single people need you to invite them over to your celebration. Reality: Contrary to perceptions, single people are v. popular at Christmas, and we generally receive lots of invitations. If you want us over, invite us, but because you like us, not because you think we need it.Myth: Single people don’t know what to do for the holidays. Reality: On the contrary, we are used to planning our social lives actively, good at generating options, and used to making unilateral decisions. We’re pros!Myth: Single people are available to perform certain social tasks during the holiday celebration. Reality: We like to be cherished guests. We don’t like to be the steer among the bulls – invited to get people who don’t get along off of one another’s throats. If you don’t like your family and friends, why would we? “Can you come

Correctional employees perform a difficult, but necessary task that is vital to public safety. They experience chronic stress due to inescapable job factors. Reducing the well documented work stress among correctional employees has the potential to make them healthier and more effective in their jobs. To reduce stress, it is necessary to understand its parameters and the variables that are related to it. If employees' mental or physical health decreases due to work stress, preventive services are needed. Greater worker health is beneficial to the worker, the organization, and society.

Frecknall (1989) states that 3% of American employees are absent every working day and that 50% of sick leave is stress related. Schuler (1989) states that government and business spend $10-20 billion a year on employee health care. Sullivan and Bhagat (1992) said that stress related costs to the economy are 10% of the GNP. Documenting the relationship between stress and health will provide a foundation upon which to build cost-effective stress management and heath care programs for correctional staff.

How well individual employees accommodate to stressors is undoubtedly related to many factors. The present study focused on four: perceived social support at work and at home, cynicism, and prior trauma. The effects of these conditions on mental and physical illness symptoms were assessed. Role conflict can exist in many forms. There can be conflict between the work role and the employee's values. Roles which do not have clearly articulated expectations concerning appropriate behaviors or performance are ambiguous roles. Role conflict and ambiguity are significantly related to lower productivity, and more tension and dissatisfaction and work stress.

Ambiguity and conflict are significant features of the correctional officer role. While the primary goal of the officer is well defined as maintaining security and safety, the means of accomplishing the prime directive are usually less clear. The task of managing inmates often involves the interpretation and application of existing rules and regulations as well as a set of unwritten rules. These informal rules are passed on to employees in a socialization process. In many prisons there are often employee factions that support very different sets of informal rules about officer behavior.

Prisons are dangerous work environments. Prison violence includes danger from the hostile and sociopathic behavior of offenders. Inmates fight with each other, victimize each other, and attack staff. When these violent events occur, they increase feelings of lack of control and helplessness among employees. Lack of control over danger in one's environment is a significant environmental stressor.

Research to date indicates that social support is related to stress and well-being. Support from coworkers and supervisors has a stronger association with lower work stress than family support. However, the results of studies of the relationship between social support, work stress and negative stress outcomes remains mixed. Different results have been found depending on the source, amount, and type of support and the personality of the employee.

Levy (Martinkowski, 1993) defines cynicism as a system of beliefs and attitudes that is manifested by statements and actions that assume that the motivations and behaviors of others, including organizations, are predominantly selfish, self-serving, or exploitative. Cynics question the worth of any endeavor that is proposed as altruistic, aimed at the common good, or well meaning. They express or imply contempt for authority and those who cooperate with authority. Highly cynical people avoid unqualified involvement in interpersonal and organizational relationships and activities for fear of exploitation.

A correctional officer's job is to control the selfish, self-serving, and exploitative behavior of inmates who have contempt for authority. Many criminal justice employees agree that the frustration of managing inmates and the daily exposure to the cynical attitudes of offenders hardens one's own attitudes. Over time, employees may generalize these negative attributes (lack of goodness and trustworthiness) to all individuals. This may increase employee cynicism. Ulmer (1992) hypothesize that employees who become disillusioned early in their careers terminate employment. The employees who are oriented toward rehabilitation and remain in the correctional field have higher perceived influence on superiors. They appear to gain skills to negotiate with superiors and consequently are less cynical about the prison administration.

Immunosuppression, excessive sympathetic reactivity, muscular tension, and physical exhaustion are results of the body's repeated and ineffective attempts to cope with stress. Axelrod and Reisine (1984) stated that those prone to hyper-reactivity to stressors (emotional distress) and those in a consistently stressful environment will place a strain on the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, central nervous, and immune systems.

Several studies have found associations between work stress (distress) and illness. Sharit and Salvendy (1982), in their review of the occupational stress literature, concluded that there was a relationship between work stress and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) . However, they also state that the research has not yet established causal relationships. Traditional risk factors appear to account for about 25% of CHD. Work stress and other factors are associated with the remaining 75%.

In this study there is a strong relati

Don't be Fooled by Appearances When Buying a Home
Have you heard that if you bake a loaf of bread before someone views your home, they will be more likely to buy it?It's all based on the idea that creating a homey smell will encourage the potential buyer to want to live in the house. This is the same as staging a home, putting out fresh flowers and painting your walls to make the home appear larger.And the fact is, that many times these things work. But buyers should be looking for something more in a home, not just the five-minute tour appearance.Most agents will advise their clients to visualize a house empty. Personally, I've never even given someone's personal decor any thought when considering a home for my own. I don't care if they have tacky bedroom linens. I'm not buying those, I'm buying the house.As a potential buyer, you need to look at the actual home, not all the trappings. Look at the number of bedrooms, the age of the home and improvements, the square footage and major appliances. You aren't looking for the good when you tour a home, your looking for the bad.Ask questions. Take the time to really see the home and how your family would use it. Many people spend more time looking for a car than looking for a home. Don't fall in love with the decor of the current owners. Fall in love with the house.Will the home be big enou

rauma. The effects of these conditions on mental and physical illness symptoms were assessed. Role conflict can exist in many forms. There can be conflict between the work role and the employee's values. Roles which do not have clearly articulated expectations concerning appropriate behaviors or performance are ambiguous roles. Role conflict and ambiguity are significantly related to lower productivity, and more tension and dissatisfaction and work stress.

In this study there is a strong relat

Computer Home-Schooling
We've got spirit, yes we do! We've got spirit how 'bout you!When it comes to computer homeschooling your african american children, african american parents have to enable themselves with the right spirit to support their children's unique educational experience.To increase today's educational environment most african american homeschoolers should have computers and Internet access for research and educational support resources. Parents can now enhance that environment with a wireless home network to share a single Internet connection with the simple addition of a wireless broadband pc card, now your minority family has moved into the arena of computer homeschooling.Some of the many benefits of homeschooling your african american children, is the added advantage of computer homeschooling to raise the bar even more. Homeschooling african american children gives their parents the ability to better support their children's education and develop their precious minds to be the best. An african american homeschool environment additionally has the uniqueness of insuring that our proud african american heritage is remembered more than just one month out of a year and their role models will continue to be representative of their parents views instead of some imagined stars or false heroes.Remember homeschooli

crease feelings of lack of control and helplessness among employees. Lack of control over danger in one's environment is a significant environmental stressor.

In this study there is a strong relat

How to Sell Other People's Products III
Pay-per-click advertising can be profitable, but also expensive. However, many find it profitable. Google Adwords and Yahoo Search Marketing (Overture) are the two main ones. You should have one advert for each product that leads the prospect directly to your pre-sales page with the link to the merchant’s sales page and your opt-in form. Never lead a PPC link to your home page. In Adwords you are required to provide two URLs. This first is your top-level home page, and the second is your landing page, i.e. your pre-sales page.You pay the amount you bid for the keyword every time a visitor clicks to visit your web page. This is why it must lead directly to what you are advertising, since if the visitor does not see the product they want immediately, they will probably leave and you will have spent your money on nothing.Another good way of advertising is writing an article associated with the product, but not a direct advertisement for it. Submit this to as many article directories as you can and you will earn yourself a few visitors. In fact this could be a major source of visitors, since it is free advertising, and you can do it over and over again, writing lots of different articles on the subject.Once you have built up a big list from your opt-in forms (a different list for every product though), y

nd exploitative behavior of inmates who have contempt for authority. Many criminal justice employees agree that the frustration of managing inmates and the daily exposure to the cynical attitudes of offenders hardens one's own attitudes. Over time, employees may generalize these negative attributes (lack of goodness and trustworthiness) to all individuals. This may increase employee cynicism. Ulmer (1992) hypothesize that employees who become disillusioned early in their careers terminate employment. The employees who are oriented toward rehabilitation and remain in the correctional field have higher perceived influence on superiors. They appear to gain skills to negotiate with superiors and consequently are less cynical about the prison administration.

In this study there is a strong relat

Dangers of Inattentive Cellular Phone Use
When people are talking on a mobile phone, they're often paying less attention than they should to what's going on around them. This can be dangerous in certain situations, such as around building sites or -- particularly -- when driving a car. One extreme case, which came to light on the international press wire services this summer, told of a man picked up while driving in the Israeli town of Netanya with a mobile phone glued to each ear. The man had become so engrossed in his conversations that he had taken to steering with his elbows -- and was flagged down by a policewoman who had noticed his car weaving treacherously from side to side.While this is an exaggerated example, the use of mobile phones while driving is considered sufficiently dangerous by many governments that it is banned in at least a dozen countries, including Australia, Austria, Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland.The problem of social alienation is perhaps the hardest to pin down, yet is potentially one of the most destructive results of a world over-reliant on wireless communications. Sociologists are already beginning to note that many people, especially those under 30 years old, are spending a great deal of time speaking to people they are not with, at the expense of those

In this study there is a strong relationship between emotional distress and physical illness. This relationship is also well documented in the literature (Russek and Russek, 1976; Dignam and West, 1988; Hinkle and Wolff, 1957; Norvell, Belles, & Hills, 1988; Stotland, 1986). There are several possible explanations for this result. Emotional distress may tax cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and other physical systems. Positive affect when emotional distress is low, may contribute to enhanced immune function and quicker resolution of sympathetic reactivity.

Role problems were related to cynicism. Cynicism can reflect distress about real organizational or role problems that need to be solved. Curtis et al. (1990) and Ulmer (1992) found that manager and administrator policy and behavior which cause frustration among staff are correlated with employee cynicism. Greenglass and Julkumen (1989), Houston and Vavak (1991), Smith, Pope, Sanders, Alfred, & O'Keith (1988), Smith and Frohm (1985), and Regoli et al. (1990) also reported that greater cynicism was significantly associated with lower social support. Employees who were low in cynicism may be more open to social support at home and at work. They may be more pleasant and thus, they may attract more social support than their more cynical and negative peers. Social support can help employees cope with their work stress more effective.

Work trauma was correlated with emotional distress. This is consistent with the work by Cullen et al. (1985) and Martin, McKean, & Veltkamp (1986) who found that work violence and perceived dangerousness were related to emotional distress. Work trauma was associated with life trauma, role problems, and work support. Work trauma may be associated with role problems because it engenders feelings of uncertainty and lack of control. Uncertainty can be generalized to role issues. Those who have experienced trauma at work may withdraw from the support of others. This withdrawal may be related to less assistance in difficult situations. This may lead to reduced effectiveness and higher reactivity in future dangerous situations. Inmates may take advantage of the aloneness of traumatized employees and may be more likely to attack them. Employees who have experienced more life trauma may over-react to and mismanage dangerous situations, leading to more violence.

Violence is distressing because of fear and sympathetic arousal. Those who have experienced violence in the past may have quicker and stronger sympathetic arousal which is resolved more slowly than those who have not had similar experience.

The results of this study demonstrated that correctional employees with greater life traumas, cynicism, and role problems and less social support at home and at work had greater emotional distress. Highly cynical employees were more distressed than less cynical employees. Life trauma predicted emotional distress, whereas work trauma did not. Employees who lack role clarity are more distressed than those who do not.

Lower work support often involves reductions in communication of important information, resources for stress management, direct assistance, problem solving, emotional support, socially rewarded roles, avoidance of negative experiences, and recognition of self worth. When home support is low, there may be a greater need to find a source of support at work. It is also possible that strong work support encourages greater attachment to work and less attachment to home.

The emotional distancing of correctional work is not always carried over to home relationships. When home support was high, there was no relationship between the level of work support and emotional distress. Some employees appear to be able to maintain high home support, despite the perceived need to be more emotionally distant at work. These employees may be able to behave differently at work and at home. They may have less need for strong, supportive work relationships even in a stressful work environment

There was a strong relationship between less work support and greater physical illness when cynicism was low. For highly cynical employees, there was no relationship between work support and illness.

References upon request

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The two keys to your ultimate debt elimination plan are to 1) stop getting further into debt and 2) set your monthly debt repayment amount. Here is the guide to putting this plan into action.

Whether you're a new start business or a well established one, the prospect of buying (let alone understanding) insurance can be a daunting task. One area of business insurance that many people find confusing is that of Liability Insurance. This article gives you a brief outline of what is available and what is covered under the various liability insurance policies.

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