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Casual Articles - Competition Laws
Life insurance is an important factor in successful financial planning, helping to financially provide for your loved ones in the event of your untimely death.But how do you know how much coverage is enough? How can you determine how much your family will actually need if they no longer have you to depend on?Identifying the BasicsFirst, it’s important to remember that the central purpose of life insurance is to circumvent financial stress after you die, so income replacement should be the foremost purpose of your policy.That said, it’s important to realize what kind of impact a lost salary would have on your loved ones.You can start by making a list of what is spent on: Daily expenses Care for elderly family members Childcare Food and clothing Education Mortgage Car payments Credit cards and other debt Next, consider the cost for your last expenses. Today, funerals can easily cost thousands of dollars, which doesn’t include any special requests, estate tax or lingering medical bills. And, while most of us don’t like to about the end of our lives—let alone the cost—it’s important to make sure your loved ones aren’t burdened with the cost of your last expenses.Long-Term ExpensesAfter you’ve determined the basic costs, factor in any money you want to leave for your family’s long-term expenses like college tuition, mortgage payments and retirement funds for your spouse. You should also factor in any funds you’d like to leave to local organizations or charities.Determining Your AssetsOnce you’ve determined all your financial needs, it’s time to factor in the assets you already have to put toward your expenses.Your assets could include: Cash Savings Stocks Bonds Real estate Pension Social Security Subtracting your assets from your expenses will give you a rough estimate of how much life insurance you should purchase to ensure the financial comfort for your loved ones.The Next StepOnce you’ve got an idea of how much life insurance you need, you can begin shopping around to get an idea of how much a policy will cost you. Sitting down with a licensed life insurance professional will also help to make sure you’ve got all the bases covered.Nonetheless, it’s important to do a little homework before meeting with a life insurance agent to avoid purchasing coverage you may not need—helping you secure the most affordable life insurance around!
The Competition Laws aim to establish fairness of commercial conduct among entrepreneurs and competitors which are the sources of said competit
The purpose of a retail display is to accurately showcase your products in a way that provides customers with an opportunity to see how the product might appear when purchased.Let us take the example of a retail clothing store. Typically, displays implement mannequins, hangers, and other items which provide the customer with a look at the product in a setting that is not "on a rack". While this may seem pretty simple, an effective store display must take into account the season, the intended use of the item, the demographics of the customer base, and more.An effective retail store display is the product of much effort, combining the talents of architects, interior designers, and visual marketers. When put all together, these professionals create a symphony in which your products are highlighted and accented to ensure maximum sales potential.One question to consider is the intended use of the item. Is it formal wear, active wear, or business casual? A display should take these types of things into consideration, as not only does the display of the items themselves sell the product, but the accents to the display help create an appropriate setting. The posture of the mannequins should reflect a representative posture of a person who would wear the clothing; for instance, a soccer uniform would warrant a running pose, whereas a tuxedo may warrant an upright, more dignified stance.The season should also be taken into account, especially in the determination of display accents. For example, a display featuring spring active wear might include a kite or picnic gear, summer bathing suits might include rafts or flotation devices, fall casuals might include leaves or pumpkins, and winter sweaters might include holiday decor. The idea is to bring the customer into a place and time with which they are familiar, making the purchase of the product a less risky venture for the customer.Finally demographics should be considered. It is self evident that children's displays will be quite different from a display geared toward a young professional male, which in turn would be easily distinguishable from a display in a lingerie store.
The aims of competition (anti-trust) laws are to ensure that consumers pay the lowest possible price (=the most efficient price) coupled with the highest quality of the goods and services which they consume. This, according to current economic theories, can be achieved only through effective competition. Competition not only reduces particular prices of specific goods and services - it also tends to have a deflationary effect by reducing the general price level. It pits consumers against producers, producers against other producers (in the battle to win the heart of consumers) and even consumers against consumers (for example in the healthcare sector in the USA). This everlasting conflict does the miracle of increasing quality with lower prices. Think about the vast improvement on both scores in electrical appliances. The VCR and PC of yesteryear cost thrice as much and provided one third the functions at one tenth the speed.
Competition has innumerable advantages:
- It encourages manufacturers and service providers to be more efficient, to better respond to the needs of their customers, to innovate, to initiate, to venture. In professional words: it optimizes the allocation of resources at the firm level and, as a result, throughout the national economy. More simply: producers do not waste resources (capital), consumers and businesses pay less for the same goods and services and, as a result, consumption grows to the benefit of all involved.
- The other beneficial effect seems, at first sight, to be an adverse one: competition weeds out the failures, the incompetents, the inefficient, the fat and slow to respond. Competitors pressure one another to be more efficient, leaner and meaner. This is the very essence of capitalism. It is wrong to say that only the consumer benefits. If a firm improves itself, re-engineers its production processes, introduces new management techniques, modernizes - in order to fight the competition, it stands to reason that it will reap the rewards. Competition benefits the economy, as a whole, the consumers and other producers by a process of natural economic selection where only the fittest survive. Those who are not fit to survive die out and cease to waste the rare resources of humanity.
Thus, paradoxically, the poorer the country, the less resources it has - the more it is in need of competition. Only competition can secure the proper and most efficient use of its scarce resources, a maximization of its output and the maximal welfare of its citizens (consumers). Moreover, we tend to forget that the biggest consumers are businesses (firms). If the local phone company is inefficient (because no one competes with it, being a monopoly) - firms will suffer the most: higher charges, bad connections, lost time, effort, money and business. If the banks are dysfunctional (because there is no foreign competition), they will not properly service their clients and firms will collapse because of lack of liquidity. It is the business sector in poor countries which should head the crusade to open the country to competition.
Unfortunately, the first discernible results of the introduction of free marketry are unemployment and business closures. People and firms lack the vision, the knowledge and the wherewithal needed to support competition. They fiercely oppose it and governments throughout the world bow to protectionist measures. To no avail. Closing a country to competition will only exacerbate the very conditions which necessitate its opening up. At the end of such a wrong path awaits economic disaster and the forced entry of competitors. A country which closes itself to the world - will be forced to sell itself cheaply as its economy will become more and more inefficient, less and less non-competitive.
The Competition Laws aim to establish fairness of commercial conduct among entrepreneurs and competitors which are the sources of said competiti
No matter if you are buying or selling items using an online auction service you need to understand online auction payments. Once you have made the sale with your online auction you need to collect your money. There is one service that is very popular, but there are other options you might consider.It goes without saying that the most popular online auction payment service online is PayPal. This service is now owned by eBay. The only bad thing about these types of online payment services is that it does cost you a fee once the items sell. Depending on the sales price this fee could be rather costly and affect your over all profit margin.The nice thing about accepting payments for your online auctions is that they can be completely automated for you. Once you set this type of service up these online auction payment services will invoice the customer at the end of the auction and the money will be deposited as soon as thy complete the transaction. You can easily set up a generic message that will be sent to each person that makes a purchase.There are other means that you can use to collect online auction payments. The next most popular service is one called BidPay. This online auction payment service is a very secure means of collecting money. The main draw back is that so many people are familiar with PayPal that they may be reluctant to purchase from sellers who do not accept this way of making payments. This serviced is compatible with eBay, but just not as recognized.If you are looking for the best deal in online auction payment services you should read the terms and conditions for the various services that are available. You need to decide which auction sites you will use to sell your items and make sure the payment system you choose will be compatible with your needs.
Competition has innumerable advantages:
- It encourages manufacturers and service providers to be more efficient, to better respond to the needs of their customers, to innovate, to initiate, to venture. In professional words: it optimizes the allocation of resources at the firm level and, as a result, throughout the national economy. More simply: producers do not waste resources (capital), consumers and businesses pay less for the same goods and services and, as a result, consumption grows to the benefit of all involved.
- The other beneficial effect seems, at first sight, to be an adverse one: competition weeds out the failures, the incompetents, the inefficient, the fat and slow to respond. Competitors pressure one another to be more efficient, leaner and meaner. This is the very essence of capitalism. It is wrong to say that only the consumer benefits. If a firm improves itself, re-engineers its production processes, introduces new management techniques, modernizes - in order to fight the competition, it stands to reason that it will reap the rewards. Competition benefits the economy, as a whole, the consumers and other producers by a process of natural economic selection where only the fittest survive. Those who are not fit to survive die out and cease to waste the rare resources of humanity.
Thus, paradoxically, the poorer the country, the less resources it has - the more it is in need of competition. Only competition can secure the proper and most efficient use of its scarce resources, a maximization of its output and the maximal welfare of its citizens (consumers). Moreover, we tend to forget that the biggest consumers are businesses (firms). If the local phone company is inefficient (because no one competes with it, being a monopoly) - firms will suffer the most: higher charges, bad connections, lost time, effort, money and business. If the banks are dysfunctional (because there is no foreign competition), they will not properly service their clients and firms will collapse because of lack of liquidity. It is the business sector in poor countries which should head the crusade to open the country to competition.
Unfortunately, the first discernible results of the introduction of free marketry are unemployment and business closures. People and firms lack the vision, the knowledge and the wherewithal needed to support competition. They fiercely oppose it and governments throughout the world bow to protectionist measures. To no avail. Closing a country to competition will only exacerbate the very conditions which necessitate its opening up. At the end of such a wrong path awaits economic disaster and the forced entry of competitors. A country which closes itself to the world - will be forced to sell itself cheaply as its economy will become more and more inefficient, less and less non-competitive.
The Competition Laws aim to establish fairness of commercial conduct among entrepreneurs and competitors which are the sources of said competit
Busy! Busy! Busy!What’s new? And who isn’t busy?The majority of eBook authors are part-time writers. There are very few professional writers making their living writing non-fiction eBooks. In most cases, the eBook author is a professional with a full-time business or career to run or the author has an interest about which she/he is passionate and is using the eBook as an expression of that passion.Finding the time to write an eBook among all the other demands made upon you is a difficult task. The process and planning required to complete the eBook authoring process can be managed but the real time you must find for actual writing requires some new attitudes, skills, and knowledge.The A.S.K. Principle (Attitudes, Skills, Knowledge) is the foundation of all teaching and learning. It is applicable to eBook authoring and finding the time to write your book. As you reflect on the 8 suggested ways to find time to write, consider whether you will require an attitude change, learn new skills, or acquire additional knowledge in order to help you find the time to write.Attitude changes may be as simple as giving yourself permission to take the time to write. It may require requesting the cooperation of family members to leave you some undisturbed time in a large block once a week to write.Skills are really the application of knowledge. Simple to complex skills and everything in between can be acquired through experience or instruction. A well organized filing system for researched materials is a skill that requires little effort. Learning how to maximize the word processing software you use to write your eBook requires more effort.Knowledge is the information we collect via experience and formal instruction. Facts and information is what we generally consider as knowledge. Applied knowledge is wisdom. Consider the knowledge factor in writing eBooks. The use of a Table of Contents is of paramount importance to authoring an eBook. Knowing that the TOC is your blueprint for your eBook frees your mind to pursue other things, including writing.When you get a good idea taking the 2-3 minutes that it requires to write that idea down will be an invaluable habit resulting in some extraordinary writing. Don’t forget to include some key points that immediately come to mind. You can “flush out” the details of the idea later but it’s essential you write down enough information that you will be able to plug back in to the original thought pattern whenever you get back to it. Never lose a good idea. It may not return to you and a great opportunity may have been missed.The premise that good writing can only be accomplished while using large blocks of uninterrupted writing time is false. A friend of mine claims he wrote his eBook at Interstate Highway rest stops while traveling on business. His rest breaks become his writing time and a break from driving. It took some organization on his part, but the shortness of his blocks of writing time (10 – 30 minutes at a time) wasn’t an impediment. In fact, he claimed it forced him to get right down to work and forced the ideas to flow without worrying about doing any editing.You can prove to yourself that writing in short time frames is useful and productive. Select any three words, or have someone else select them for you. Choose a noun, an action verb and an adjective/adverb. Time yourself for 5 minutes writing non-stop, with no corrections or editing, incorporating those three words somewhere in the first few sentences of your writing. You will be amazed by how much you can write in just 5 minutes. You will be amazed at how easily just 3 “trigger” words can generate ideas. You will be amazed at the quality of your writing when the “flow” is flowing! You will prove to yourself how productive just 5 minutes of writing time can be. Try this exercise. It’ll only take 5 minutes.6 Great Ideas for Finding Time to Write1. Carry with you at all times key words and phrases from your Table of Contents along with supporting points you want included. Use this barebones outlines to write in the waiting rooms of doctor’s offices or while
Thus, paradoxically, the poorer the country, the less resources it has - the more it is in need of competition. Only competition can secure the proper and most efficient use of its scarce resources, a maximization of its output and the maximal welfare of its citizens (consumers). Moreover, we tend to forget that the biggest consumers are businesses (firms). If the local phone company is inefficient (because no one competes with it, being a monopoly) - firms will suffer the most: higher charges, bad connections, lost time, effort, money and business. If the banks are dysfunctional (because there is no foreign competition), they will not properly service their clients and firms will collapse because of lack of liquidity. It is the business sector in poor countries which should head the crusade to open the country to competition.
Unfortunately, the first discernible results of the introduction of free marketry are unemployment and business closures. People and firms lack the vision, the knowledge and the wherewithal needed to support competition. They fiercely oppose it and governments throughout the world bow to protectionist measures. To no avail. Closing a country to competition will only exacerbate the very conditions which necessitate its opening up. At the end of such a wrong path awaits economic disaster and the forced entry of competitors. A country which closes itself to the world - will be forced to sell itself cheaply as its economy will become more and more inefficient, less and less non-competitive.
The Competition Laws aim to establish fairness of commercial conduct among entrepreneurs and competitors which are the sources of said competit
Commercial screen printing technology involves the production of a multitude of alphabets at a quick pace. Though one may note, even common articles of daily use make use of a printing application in some form or the other. Screen printing is suited for bold and detailed graphic designs. However, small and obscure particulars can also be duplicated. Modern printing technology is a good example of the rapid development in various commonly used devices and equipment in our life and the impact of science in improving efficiency.Screen printing is a method used primarily for flat or relatively flat surface printing. The procedure involves a fine mesh or screen securely stretched around a stiff frame. Sections that are not to be printed are blocked on the screen. To create a print, the screen is placed on a piece of dry paper or fabric and ink is placed on top of it. A rubber blade is used to spread ink uniformly across the screen. The ink passes through the open spaces in the screen onto the paper or fabric below after which the screen is removed. The screen is usually durable and long lasting and can be re-used after cleaning.If more than one dye is to be used on the same surface, then the original ink must be allowed to dry before the process is repeated with another screen of the same design and a different color of ink. The framed screen is positioned over the item to be printed along with a dollop of thick ink. In earlier methods, the ink was left to dry for long periods of time. However in modern times the printed article is passed through a heat-tunnel on a conveyor belt. This method guarantees that inks dry quickly, allowing the materials to be stacked or packaged almost immediately.Properly dried screen print items are long lasting even in unfavorable conditions. If the printing surface involves darker items, usually a supportive base print is required. A light base color, preferably white is used. This method ensures that the successive colors retain their exuberance and are noticeable.Today, screen printing is much more flexible than the conventional printing techniques. Screen printing inks are being used to print on a range of surface materials, which include fabrics, ceramic objects, metal, timber, paper, glass, and synthetic items. This has resulted in the usage of screen printing in diverse industries, from fashion garments to manufactured goods and labels.
Unfortunately, the first discernible results of the introduction of free marketry are unemployment and business closures. People and firms lack the vision, the knowledge and the wherewithal needed to support competition. They fiercely oppose it and governments throughout the world bow to protectionist measures. To no avail. Closing a country to competition will only exacerbate the very conditions which necessitate its opening up. At the end of such a wrong path awaits economic disaster and the forced entry of competitors. A country which closes itself to the world - will be forced to sell itself cheaply as its economy will become more and more inefficient, less and less non-competitive.
The Competition Laws aim to establish fairness of commercial conduct among entrepreneurs and competitors which are the sources of said competit
If you are currently experiencing problems making repayment of your credit card debt, then the time has come to consider switching your credit card account to a 0% account.However, if you make the wrong choice, you could end up in the situation where you actually pay more to the credit card company than would otherwise have been the case if you had stayed put!So, to choose a better balance transfer card is to make a wise choice; and to help you here are some of the things you should be on the loom out for:What you want You want the balance transfer card to offer you 0% interest for the longest possible period You want the card to have no joining, fixed or associated fees that may act as an alternative to interest You want the 0% interest to apply to the entire balance you transfer to the new card provider You want to be able to spend on the card if you need to and for the new spending to also be subject to 0% interest for the offer period You want the APR after the initial offer period to be low You want to be able to transfer the balance of your credit card account to a better balance transfer card at the end of the promotion period without incurring any fees for doing this You want to know if the 0% interest rate also applies to any cash withdrawals You do want a good rewards programWhat you don’t want You don’t want fees and charges of any kind You don’t want the 0% interest to only apply to new debt incurred on purchase made on the new card itself You don’t want to forfeit the 0% interest in the event that you fail to make a payment or if you make a late payment You don’t want to be creating new debt on the account if you can avoid itIf you choose a better balance transfer card wisely, you should be on the road to recovering your financial health and stability. Always keep in mind though that you are transferring your money to a better interest rate balance card for a reason, so do not rush out and spend all the money you are saving in interest payments, use that to help reduce your principal outstanding debt!
The Competition Laws aim to establish fairness of commercial conduct among entrepreneurs and competitors which are the sources of said competition and innovation.
Experience - later buttressed by research - helped to establish the following four principles:
- There should be no barriers to the entry of new market players (barring criminal and moral barriers to certain types of activities and to certain goods and services offered)
- A larger scale of operation does introduce economies of scale (and thus lowers prices). This, however, is not infinitely true. There is a Minimum Efficient Scale - MES - beyond which prices will begin to rise due to monopolization of the markets. This MES was empirically fixed at 10% of the market in any one good or service. In other words: companies should be encouraged to capture up to 10% of their market (=to lower prices) and discouraged to cross this barrier, lest prices tend to rise again.
- Efficient competition does not exist when a market is controlled by less than 10 firms with big size differences. An oligopoly should be declared whenever 4 firms control more than 40% of the market and the biggest of them controls more than 12% of it.
- A competitive price will be comprised of a minimal cost plus an equilibrium profit which does not encourage either an exit of firms (because it is too low), nor their entry (because it is too high).
Left to their own devices, firms tend to liquidate competitors (predation), buy them out or collude with them to raise prices. The 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act in the USA forbade the latter (section 1) and prohibited monopolization or dumping as a method to eliminate competitors. Later acts (Clayton, 1914 and the Federal Trade Commission Act of the same year) added forbidden activities: tying arrangements, boycotts, territorial divisions, non-competitive mergers, price discrimination, exclusive dealing, unfair acts, practices and methods. Both consumers and producers who felt offended were given access to the Justice Department and to the FTC or the right to sue in a federal court and be eligible to receive treble damages.
It is only fair to mention the "intellectual competition", which opposes the above premises. Many important economists thought (and still do) that competition laws represent an unwarranted and harmful intervention of the State in the markets. Some believed that the State should own important industries (J.K. Galbraith), others - that industries should be encouraged to grow because only size guarantees survival, lower prices and innovation (Ellis Hawley). Yet others supported the cause of laissez faire (Marc Eisner).
These three antithetical approaches are, by no means, new. One led to socialism and communism, the other to corporatism and monopolies and the third to jungle-ization of the market (what the Europeans derisively call: the Anglo-Saxon model).
B. HISTORICAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
Why does the State involve itself in the machinations of the free market? Because often markets fail or are unable or unwilling to provide goods, services, or competition. The purpose of competition laws is to secure a competitive marketplace and thus protect the consumer from unfair, anti-competitive practices. The latter tend to increase prices and redu
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