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Casual Articles - Implementing Number Portability In Mobile Communication
AssetsAn asset may be defined as anything of use to future operations of the enterprise and belonging to the enterprise. For example, building, land, machinery, cash, debtors (amount due from customers) goodwill etc.EquityIn broad sense the term equity refers to total claims against the enterprise. It is further divided into two categories:(1) Owners claim-capital and (2) Outsiders' claim-liability (3) Liability: Amounts owed by the enterprise to the outsiders i.e. to all others except the owner. For example, trade creditors, bank overdraft etc. (4) Capital: The excess of assets over liabilities of the enterprise. It is the difference between the total assets and the
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
Although the technical implementation of number portability involves particular challenges, the challenges in devising the administrative arrangements facilitating porting of numbers may need equal, if not more, attention. Inefficiently designed, complex or flawed procedures for porting of mobile numbers may act as a bottleneck to the successful implementation of portability and severely affect the expected benefits.
Designing efficient, simple, secure and yet practical porting procedures for number portability may invol
Heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC/R) are major concerns for most organisations when it comes to operations. Whatever business you’re in – from manufacturing to office-based services – these constituents can be the ‘life’ of a building. They can have an indirect effect on production, if your workers depend on comfortable working conditions. And they can have a direct effect if you depend, for instance, on product storage (e.g. refrigerated produce).There’s another equally important cost too. HVAC/R systems are often integrated with other equipment across the business, and so equipment failures can have serious knock-on effects. Repairs can be expensive.
There could be two ways to access the database, using the All-Call-Query, or the Query-on-Release methods.
a.1 ALL-CALL-QUERY METHOD
The originating network first checks the location of the dialed number in the central database and then routes the call directly to the recipient network.
a.2 QUERY-ON-RELEASE
The originating network first checks the status of dialed number with the donor network. The donor network returns a message to the originating network identifying if the number has been ported or not. The originating network then queries the central database to obtain the information regarding the recipient network and routes the call directly to the recipient network.
b) ON-SWITCH SOLUTIONS
The two ways to implement on-switch solutions are:
b.1) ONWARD ROUTING (CALL FORWARDING)
Here, the originating network connects to the donor network. If the dialed number has been ported, the donor network itself routes the call to the recipient network.
b.2) CALL DROP BACK
Here the donor network checks if the number is ported and if it is, releases the call back to the originating network together with information identifying the correct recipient network. The originating network then routes the call to the recipient network.
On-switch solutions are usually seen as a short-term interim solution for number portability.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
The various technical options related to the implementation of MNP mentioned above involve the use of databases that contain routing information. The databases can be centralized or distributed. The centralized model involves a single reference database containing data for all mobile numbers or alternately, all ported numbers. This reference data is usually copied to operational databases in each participating network on a frequent basis. A consortium of network operators may manage this centralized number database for mobile number portability, or it may be out-sourced to a third party.
The distributed model involves multiple databases containing subsets of the total data. For example, in the on-switch case each separate database in the distributed model may comprise only the numbers ported from a particular mobile network operator. The full set of information about all mobile numbers (or all ported mobile numbers) is only available from these separate databases when taken as a whole.
COMPARING THE TECHNICAL OPTIONS
Onward routing is often regarded as the simplest routing method to implement and the all call query method as the most complex, with the other methods lying between these two extremes. This is also reflected in the costs of establishment, with onward routing regarded as cheaper to establish than the all call query method. By contrast, the ongoing costs associated with the all call query method are usually regarded as less than those of the onward routing method. Again, the costs associated with the other two methods lie between those of all call query and onward routing.
The centralized database solution is perceived as a long-term target solution for number portability. It supports optimal call routing and is adapted to an environment where all operators share number information. However, it is technically much more complicated to implement, involves significant investment (even from operators who are not directly concerned with number portability such as national long distance operators selected as indirect access providers), and requires considerable national co-ordination.
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
Although the technical implementation of number portability involves particular challenges, the challenges in devising the administrative arrangements facilitating porting of numbers may need equal, if not more, attention. Inefficiently designed, complex or flawed procedures for porting of mobile numbers may act as a bottleneck to the successful implementation of portability and severely affect the expected benefits.
Designing efficient, simple, secure and yet practical porting procedures for number portability may involv
Recruitment is one of those activities that you cannot just 'switch on' when you have a vacancy and expect instant results. To attract the right people on an on going basis, you must have some key steps or systems in place all the time - even when you have no open vacancies.1. Always be lookingWhenever attending a network event, a social function or visiting your competitors - be aware of the people you meet. Who impresses you? Who is particularly successful? Who has impressed the people you know? Like a football manager or basket ball coach - you should always be looking at bringing in better talent into your team so that you are constantly raising the bar and making your busines
b.1) ONWARD ROUTING (CALL FORWARDING)
Here, the originating network connects to the donor network. If the dialed number has been ported, the donor network itself routes the call to the recipient network.
b.2) CALL DROP BACK
Here the donor network checks if the number is ported and if it is, releases the call back to the originating network together with information identifying the correct recipient network. The originating network then routes the call to the recipient network.
On-switch solutions are usually seen as a short-term interim solution for number portability.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
The various technical options related to the implementation of MNP mentioned above involve the use of databases that contain routing information. The databases can be centralized or distributed. The centralized model involves a single reference database containing data for all mobile numbers or alternately, all ported numbers. This reference data is usually copied to operational databases in each participating network on a frequent basis. A consortium of network operators may manage this centralized number database for mobile number portability, or it may be out-sourced to a third party.
The distributed model involves multiple databases containing subsets of the total data. For example, in the on-switch case each separate database in the distributed model may comprise only the numbers ported from a particular mobile network operator. The full set of information about all mobile numbers (or all ported mobile numbers) is only available from these separate databases when taken as a whole.
COMPARING THE TECHNICAL OPTIONS
Onward routing is often regarded as the simplest routing method to implement and the all call query method as the most complex, with the other methods lying between these two extremes. This is also reflected in the costs of establishment, with onward routing regarded as cheaper to establish than the all call query method. By contrast, the ongoing costs associated with the all call query method are usually regarded as less than those of the onward routing method. Again, the costs associated with the other two methods lie between those of all call query and onward routing.
The centralized database solution is perceived as a long-term target solution for number portability. It supports optimal call routing and is adapted to an environment where all operators share number information. However, it is technically much more complicated to implement, involves significant investment (even from operators who are not directly concerned with number portability such as national long distance operators selected as indirect access providers), and requires considerable national co-ordination.
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
Although the technical implementation of number portability involves particular challenges, the challenges in devising the administrative arrangements facilitating porting of numbers may need equal, if not more, attention. Inefficiently designed, complex or flawed procedures for porting of mobile numbers may act as a bottleneck to the successful implementation of portability and severely affect the expected benefits.
Designing efficient, simple, secure and yet practical porting procedures for number portability may invol
Unexpected bills which need immediate payment can be experienced by anybody. However, you may not have outright cash at all times which is why you resort to borrowing money from friends and relatives. But if you do not have anybody to help you, you can always rely on lenders that offer quick personal loans.Quick personal loans are loans provided to people who are in need of immediate cash for an immediate need. Unlike in other types of personal loans, quick personal loan lenders do not need to determine your credit worthiness and require adequate collateral just to approve your application. They will just look into your monthly income and require you to have a savings or checking account
The distributed model involves multiple databases containing subsets of the total data. For example, in the on-switch case each separate database in the distributed model may comprise only the numbers ported from a particular mobile network operator. The full set of information about all mobile numbers (or all ported mobile numbers) is only available from these separate databases when taken as a whole.
COMPARING THE TECHNICAL OPTIONS
Onward routing is often regarded as the simplest routing method to implement and the all call query method as the most complex, with the other methods lying between these two extremes. This is also reflected in the costs of establishment, with onward routing regarded as cheaper to establish than the all call query method. By contrast, the ongoing costs associated with the all call query method are usually regarded as less than those of the onward routing method. Again, the costs associated with the other two methods lie between those of all call query and onward routing.
The centralized database solution is perceived as a long-term target solution for number portability. It supports optimal call routing and is adapted to an environment where all operators share number information. However, it is technically much more complicated to implement, involves significant investment (even from operators who are not directly concerned with number portability such as national long distance operators selected as indirect access providers), and requires considerable national co-ordination.
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
Although the technical implementation of number portability involves particular challenges, the challenges in devising the administrative arrangements facilitating porting of numbers may need equal, if not more, attention. Inefficiently designed, complex or flawed procedures for porting of mobile numbers may act as a bottleneck to the successful implementation of portability and severely affect the expected benefits.
Designing efficient, simple, secure and yet practical porting procedures for number portability may invol
You’ve probably heard the statistic that 95% of small businesses fail in the first five years. That’s not a very encouraging number! Although being part of the 5% that succeed is not easy, it’s definitely possible. What it takes is a lot of common sense, some marketing and sales skills and the ability to learn from the mistakes of others.To get you started on the road to success, here are three of the biggest mistakes small businesses make and some tips to help you avoid them:Mistake #1: Having a Poorly Defined Sales ProcessThe key to making money with any business is to stay focused on how you can “sell”, “sell more” and “sell more often”. Unfortunately most businesses don
Onward routing is often regarded as the simplest routing method to implement and the all call query method as the most complex, with the other methods lying between these two extremes. This is also reflected in the costs of establishment, with onward routing regarded as cheaper to establish than the all call query method. By contrast, the ongoing costs associated with the all call query method are usually regarded as less than those of the onward routing method. Again, the costs associated with the other two methods lie between those of all call query and onward routing.
The centralized database solution is perceived as a long-term target solution for number portability. It supports optimal call routing and is adapted to an environment where all operators share number information. However, it is technically much more complicated to implement, involves significant investment (even from operators who are not directly concerned with number portability such as national long distance operators selected as indirect access providers), and requires considerable national co-ordination.
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
Although the technical implementation of number portability involves particular challenges, the challenges in devising the administrative arrangements facilitating porting of numbers may need equal, if not more, attention. Inefficiently designed, complex or flawed procedures for porting of mobile numbers may act as a bottleneck to the successful implementation of portability and severely affect the expected benefits.
Designing efficient, simple, secure and yet practical porting procedures for number portability may invol
Futures trading are trading for a commodity that is delivered in the future. The price for this commodity is decided in the present. While deciding the price both seller and buyer fix the cost on certain analysis. Pricing is done on the basis of analysis of two aspects. They are fundamental analysis and technical analysis. The fundamental analysis depends on attributes of the stock, such as the price or earning ratio. The technical analysis involves the psychological aspect of the stock. It takes into consideration the fact of how the stock is viewed, by other buyers and the effect it has on the price of the stock.This technique of technical analysis first originated in Japan, where rice
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
Although the technical implementation of number portability involves particular challenges, the challenges in devising the administrative arrangements facilitating porting of numbers may need equal, if not more, attention. Inefficiently designed, complex or flawed procedures for porting of mobile numbers may act as a bottleneck to the successful implementation of portability and severely affect the expected benefits.
Designing efficient, simple, secure and yet practical porting procedures for number portability may involve addressing issues such as the role of retailers, the need to change SIM cards or handsets, existing customer obligations, authentication of customers requesting a port, communication arrangements between entities during the porting process, refusal to port, time to port, and procedures for porting large quantities of numbers at a given time. These issues can be addressed through a Consultation at a later stage.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
The success of introduction of any service in a telecom network is highly dependent on how cost-effective it is to the end users, and the cost burden it imposes on the concerned parties for its implementation. In this respect, the implementation of number portability should be cost-effective to ensure its success.
COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH NUMBER PORTABILITY
The costs incurred in the provision of number portability may be broadly divided into three categories:
SYSTEM SET-UP COSTS
These costs ensure that all or most users have the capability to use number portability. These may be the costs of establishing/maintaining routing databases, conditioning existing networks, upgrading network switches, and modifying existing software. These are the costs that a provider may incur in establishing the capacity to provide number portability on its own network and in its associated operational support and administration.
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