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Casual Articles - Cisco Certification: Introduction To ISDN, Part V
The average auto insurance premium nationwide is about $920 and yet, residents of Florida paid as much as $1,100 in 2003 alone. Insurance rates do change and if you don't arm yourself with the right kind of information, you could be paying for more.If you want to get auto insurance in Florida, you can use online tools to get quotes and find the best, most affordable policy available. But first, you might want to learn more about the minimum requirements imposed in the state of Florida before you buy one. The two main laws you need to know about are: the No-Fault Law and the Financial Responsibility Law.Florida's No-Fault Law requires that you should acquire insurance coverage for your vehicle that stays within the state for at least 90 out of the 365 days of the year. The No-Fault Law provides coverage for you and your vehicle, just in case you sustain any injuries in case of an accident. You'll need a minimum coverage of $10,000 for personal injury protection and another $10,000 for property damage.Florida's Financial Responsibility Law provides coverag
Spid Status:
TEI 91, ces = 1, state = 5(init)
spid1 configured, no LDN, spid1 sent, spid1 valid < SPID 1 is good.>
Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 1, tid = 1
TEI 92, ces = 2, state = 5(init)
spid2 configured, no LDN, spid2 sent, spid2 valid
Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 3, tid = 1
Layer 3 Status:
0 Active Layer 3 Call(s)
Activated dsl 0 CCBs = 0
The Free Channel Mask: 0x80000003
Once in a while, you'll get this output from show isdn status:
R2#show isdn st
This is a topic I haven't seen much information about online. I was shocked, because in the Internet world of 2005, forum posts and articles usually come up for any kind of optimization topic. But it could be that those who are Amazon marketplace merchants are a more select group of internet marketers... and that no one wants to share any of the secrets they've learned, if they've learned any.Well I'm going to spill the beans, because that's my policy as far as the web goes- what would an info-site be without info-beans?So here are the basic points about optimizing your Amazon marketplace feed to increase your chances of appearing, or appearing high in search results:1. The most important elements to optimize are the product title and the 5 search-term fields (search-terms1, search-terms2...)2. Your product name, if it's already SEO'd on your website and elsewhere, should already be several words long. For example, instead of calling it the 'Mavica CD1000', you should be calling it the 'Sony Mavica CD1000 Digital Camera'. Some might consider it excessi
The knowledge you acquire from debugs is invaluable. Frankly, it's this knowledge that puts you above the 'average??? CCNA who doesn't have that hands-on experience. Watching debugs in action also gives you a head start on the CCNP. Since 90 - 95% of CCNAs go on to pursue the CCNP, it's a great idea to get started with debugs now.
Don't make the mistake of waiting until you're studying for your CCNP and CCIE to start learning debugs and shows. The work you do for the CCNA is the foundation for everything you'll do in the future.
Never, ever, ever practice debugs on a production network. There are debugs that will give you so much information that the router actually becomes overloaded and then locks up. Never practice debugs on a production network.
It's important to know the proper show and debug commands for ISDN for several reasons. First, by watching ISDN in operation, you can see its processes and better understand what's going on. Secondly, it's difficult if not impossible to properly troubleshoot ISDN without knowing the proper show and debug commands. (It's easy to overlook an ISDN authentication error just by looking at the configuration, but running debug ppp negotiation will quickly show you where the problem lies.)
Let's take a look at the ISDN show and debug commands that every CCNA and CCNP should know.
Show ISDN Status
If you only know one ISDN show command, it's got to be this one. Always use this command after configuring your ISDN switch type and any necessary SPIDs. The command will show you the switch type (and will also show you if you did not configure a switch type), and whether the SPIDs you entered are valid:
R1#show isdn status
Global ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni < ISDN switch type is correctly configured.> ISDN BRI0 interface
dsl 0, interface ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni
Layer 1 Status:
ACTIVE
Layer 2 Status:
TEI = 91, Ces = 1, SAPI = 0, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED
TEI = 92, Ces = 2, SAPI = 0, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED
Spid Status:
TEI 91, ces = 1, state = 5(init)
spid1 configured, no LDN, spid1 sent, spid1 valid < SPID 1 is good.>
Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 1, tid = 1
TEI 92, ces = 2, state = 5(init)
spid2 configured, no LDN, spid2 sent, spid2 valid
Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 3, tid = 1
Layer 3 Status:
0 Active Layer 3 Call(s)
Activated dsl 0 CCBs = 0
The Free Channel Mask: 0x80000003
Once in a while, you'll get this output from show isdn status:
R2#show isdn st
No matter what age you are or even your level of employment or economic position, it may be a good idea to start preparing now, even in a meager way, for eventual financial security. Some people feel they need every dollar they make to get by from one paycheck to the next. While this may be true for some, there are others who squander significant sums on insignificant things. They could be socking that money away into an investment account that, over time, could lead to huge savings and a comfortable retirement.It isn’t hard to get started. All you need is $100 to $500 to open an account, and anywhere from $25 to $50 monthly to continue building your stock or mutual fund portfolio. In fact, a young person aged 20 could deposit $2,000 and then not another dime. In forty years he or she might have tens of thousands of dollars. The stock market has followed fairly predictable patterns since its inception in the 1800s in New York City. Although historic events like the Great Depression and several global wars have impacted its activity, the gains and losses remain fairly consi
Never, ever, ever practice debugs on a production network. There are debugs that will give you so much information that the router actually becomes overloaded and then locks up. Never practice debugs on a production network.
It's important to know the proper show and debug commands for ISDN for several reasons. First, by watching ISDN in operation, you can see its processes and better understand what's going on. Secondly, it's difficult if not impossible to properly troubleshoot ISDN without knowing the proper show and debug commands. (It's easy to overlook an ISDN authentication error just by looking at the configuration, but running debug ppp negotiation will quickly show you where the problem lies.)
Let's take a look at the ISDN show and debug commands that every CCNA and CCNP should know.
Show ISDN Status
If you only know one ISDN show command, it's got to be this one. Always use this command after configuring your ISDN switch type and any necessary SPIDs. The command will show you the switch type (and will also show you if you did not configure a switch type), and whether the SPIDs you entered are valid:
R1#show isdn status
Global ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni < ISDN switch type is correctly configured.> ISDN BRI0 interface
dsl 0, interface ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni
Layer 1 Status:
ACTIVE
Layer 2 Status:
TEI = 91, Ces = 1, SAPI = 0, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED
TEI = 92, Ces = 2, SAPI = 0, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED
Spid Status:
TEI 91, ces = 1, state = 5(init)
spid1 configured, no LDN, spid1 sent, spid1 valid < SPID 1 is good.>
Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 1, tid = 1
TEI 92, ces = 2, state = 5(init)
spid2 configured, no LDN, spid2 sent, spid2 valid
Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 3, tid = 1
Layer 3 Status:
0 Active Layer 3 Call(s)
Activated dsl 0 CCBs = 0
The Free Channel Mask: 0x80000003
Once in a while, you'll get this output from show isdn status:
R2#show isdn st
I had a client say something to me the other day that I thought was rather interesting. He mentioned that he almost considers SEO as a marketing expense even though its really a web expense. It was then that I realized that many people still do not consider what they do with their website as part of their marketing plan but as, well, just something else.I think this is most obvious when you consider how little many are willing to spend on their website once they get past the design stage. I’ve dealt with client after client that had no problem pouring thousands of dollars into their website design but cringe at a few thousand dollars going towards improving traffic and conversions through search engine optimization. Maybe this is why so much more money is spent on PPC (pay-per-click) advertising than on SEO, even though SEO has proven a better return on investment over the long term.What should be considered a marketing expense in regards to your website?Web HostingTechnically, web hosting can be considered a utility expense. It’s just
Let's take a look at the ISDN show and debug commands that every CCNA and CCNP should know.
Show ISDN Status
If you only know one ISDN show command, it's got to be this one. Always use this command after configuring your ISDN switch type and any necessary SPIDs. The command will show you the switch type (and will also show you if you did not configure a switch type), and whether the SPIDs you entered are valid:
R1#show isdn status
Global ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni < ISDN switch type is correctly configured.> ISDN BRI0 interface
dsl 0, interface ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni
Layer 1 Status:
ACTIVE
Layer 2 Status:
TEI = 91, Ces = 1, SAPI = 0, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED
TEI = 92, Ces = 2, SAPI = 0, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED
Spid Status:
TEI 91, ces = 1, state = 5(init)
spid1 configured, no LDN, spid1 sent, spid1 valid < SPID 1 is good.>
Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 1, tid = 1
TEI 92, ces = 2, state = 5(init)
spid2 configured, no LDN, spid2 sent, spid2 valid
Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 3, tid = 1
Layer 3 Status:
0 Active Layer 3 Call(s)
Activated dsl 0 CCBs = 0
The Free Channel Mask: 0x80000003
Once in a while, you'll get this output from show isdn status:
R2#show isdn st
Getting 100% financing with bad credit can get you into a home with little out-of-pocket expense. However, higher rates will make the loan more expensive than financing with a down payment. There are some cases when zero down can be a benefit, especially if you plan to move or refinance soon.The Cost Of Zero DownZero down will cost you more with higher interest rates. These rates will also increase your monthly payments. Some financing companies also require you to pay additional points or fees at closing. It is best to request quotes for 100% financing from many lenders to find the best offer.You can reduce these rates with an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM). These types of loans are the easiest to qualify for and start with lower monthly payments. The only drawback is that rates and payments can increase over time. But you always have the option of refinancing to lock in your current rates.Saving On Living ExpensesWhile 100% financing can be expensive, it will save you money on living expenses. Purchasing a home is an investment,
R1#show isdn status
Global ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni < ISDN switch type is correctly configured.> ISDN BRI0 interface
dsl 0, interface ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni
Layer 1 Status:
ACTIVE
Layer 2 Status:
TEI = 91, Ces = 1, SAPI = 0, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED
TEI = 92, Ces = 2, SAPI = 0, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED
Spid Status:
TEI 91, ces = 1, state = 5(init)
spid1 configured, no LDN, spid1 sent, spid1 valid < SPID 1 is good.>
Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 1, tid = 1
TEI 92, ces = 2, state = 5(init)
spid2 configured, no LDN, spid2 sent, spid2 valid
Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 3, tid = 1
Layer 3 Status:
0 Active Layer 3 Call(s)
Activated dsl 0 CCBs = 0
The Free Channel Mask: 0x80000003
Once in a while, you'll get this output from show isdn status:
R2#show isdn st
Based on recent litigation storm clouds, business owners planning exit strategies better batten down their legal hatches.As a small business owner, your company most likely represents a significant portion of your net worth. That’s why it’s crucial not to let litigation wash it away when the time comes to convert your years of hard work into cash.Selling a business involves substantial amounts of money and a wide range of issues including warranties and representations, disclosures and contractual obligations. Consequently, there are many opportunities for litigation to arise. Not only is litigation highly unpleasant and disruptive to your lifestyle, it is also very, very expensive - even if you win.But other than wishing, hoping and praying, what’s a small business owner to do? Rather than complaining try something more constructive. Here are eight strategies to follow when selling your business that can help minimize litigation issues.1. Honesty is the best insurance policy. Tell the truth about your business. Do not attempt to hide any p
Spid Status:
TEI 91, ces = 1, state = 5(init)
spid1 configured, no LDN, spid1 sent, spid1 valid < SPID 1 is good.>
Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 1, tid = 1
TEI 92, ces = 2, state = 5(init)
spid2 configured, no LDN, spid2 sent, spid2 valid
Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 3, tid = 1
Layer 3 Status:
0 Active Layer 3 Call(s)
Activated dsl 0 CCBs = 0
The Free Channel Mask: 0x80000003
Once in a while, you'll get this output from show isdn status:
R2#show isdn status The current ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni1 ISDN BRI0 interface
Layer 1 Status:
ACTIVE
Layer 2 Status:
Layer 2 NOT Activated
Spid Status:
TEI Not Assigned, ces = 1, state = 3(await establishment)
spid1 configured, no LDN, spid1 NOT sent, spid1 NOT valid
TEI Not Assigned, ces = 2, state = 1(terminal down)
spid2 configured, no LDN, spid2 NOT sent, spid2 NOT valid
Check your running configuration, and if the SPIDs look good, simply close the BRI interface and open it again. Then run show ISDN status again. If you then see 'spids are valid???, you're ready to proceed. If you still see a message that the spids are invalid, you've most likely mistyped the SPID.
Show Access-List
What's this command got to do with ISDN? Everything.
Remember how the ISDN link comes up in the first place? Interesting traffic. By default, there is no interesting traffic. You define interesting traffic with the dialer-list and dialer-group commands, AND the access-list command. If you have a problem with your link never coming up or with it coming up and staying up, use this command to see what traffic has been defined as interesting.
Show Dialer
Another helpful command to determine why an ISDN link is coming up and staying up. This command shows you how many successful calls and failed calls have taken place, what the current idle-timer value is (by default, it's 120 seconds), and most importantly, what the source and destination was for the current interesting traffic:
R1#show dialer
BRI0 - dialer type = ISDN
Dial String Successes Failures Last called Last status
8358662 1 0 00:00:59
successful
0 incoming call(s) have been screened.
0 incoming call(s) rejected for callback.
BRI0:1 - dialer type = ISDN
Idle timer (120 secs), Fast idle timer (20 secs)
Wait for carrier (30 secs), Re-enable (15 secs)
Dialer state is data link layer up
Dial reason: ip (s=172.12.21.1, d=172.12.21.2) < s=Source, d=Destination >
Time until disconnect 62 secs
< Idle timer, reset by interesting traffic only >
Connected to 8358662 (R2)
Here
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