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Casual Articles - Telecommunication Laws in Pakistan
The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (No Child Left Behind) is designed to reform and improve student achievement and change the culture of America’s schools. According to this reform act each state must measure every public school student’s progress in reading and math in each of grades 3 through 8 and at least once during grades 10 through 12. By school year 2007-2008, assessments (or testing) in science will be underway. These assessments must be aligned with state academic content and achievement standards. They will provide parents with objective data on where their child stands academically.Parents may not be aware that their school is required by law to offer school sponsored activities to promote parent involvement, and there are special funds allocated for these activities. The funds are used to pay trainers, facilitators, and instructors, along with the materials used in these trainings, food and child care services so parents can focus on the information being delivered.The seminars, workshops, and trainings are designed to assist parents in helping their student’s academic achievement and performance.Teachers, parents, business professionals, and all others who may be interested in helping parents help their children learn may be interested in creating a workshop, seminar and/or training for parents. Below are five suggestions for offering activities that will benefit parents and their children.1. If education is your background, and you are a displaced teacher, become a Supplemental Educational Services Provider. Contact your State Department of Education to get more information on how you can qualify to become a Supplemental Educational Services Provider offering tutorial services to children who meet the criteria for those services. You will be paid through Title I funding received by the school district where you apply to service.2. There is always a need for Parent Educators. Parent Educators te
• Registration of Satellite Service Provider Regulations 2004
• Trunk Radio Services Regulations 2004
• Interconnection Guidelines 2004
• Access Promotion Regulation 2005
• Number Allocation and Administration Regulation 2005
• Mobile Number Portability Regulations 2005
Regulator:
Generally there are two types of Regulators, the first is called the “Economy Wide Competition Regulator” as the Monopoly Control Authority established under the Monopoly Control and Restrictive Trade Practices Ordinance, 1970; and the other one is called the “Industry Regulator” .
Although the Industry Regulator was established in the year 1994 with the Promulgation of the Telecommunication Ordinance, 1994 but the real objective behind the creation of such Regulator was the need of independent, technical, expert and legal body to cope with some key issues, besides others, such as change over of telecom sector from monopoly to competition, protection of the rights of the companies competing with incumbents and to provide safeguard the interest of the users of the telecommunication services.
An Ideal Regulator is expected to :
• Determine the size of the telecommunications market by providing licences for the purposes of delivering telecommunication services.
• To foster healthy relations between the different service providers by overseeing interconnection agreements so that service providers have equal access to the network provider by the dominant operator.
• To resolve disputes and maintain a level playing filed or regulate for fair competition so that the dominant operator does not abuse his or her dominance in the market place.
• To meet the policy goals so that consumers are protected against high prices, poor quality of services, inadequate infrastructure, limited services, unsafe equipment and neglect by the service provider.
• To address consumer complaints and solve them amicably.
• To ensure efficient use of frequency spectrum and space for the provision of information technology services.
• To encourage investment, innovation and optimum growth of the sector (or related sectors) and operators’ performance.
• To administer the numbering plan so that there are sufficient numbers available.
• To monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment supplier and service providers.
• To monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment suppliers and service providers.
PTA has all the traits of a good regulator and its primary functions, powers and responsibilities are:
To regulate the establishment, operation and maintenance of telecommunication systems and the provisions of telecommunication services; receive and dispose of application for the use of radio-frequency spectrum; promote and protect the interest of the users of telecommunication; promote and avail
Let me begin by saying that all blogs are not created equal. Since they burst onto the Internet scene a few short years ago, blogs have been misunderstood, over-simplified and taken completely out of context.Being some what confused as to the definition of a blog myself, I decided to conduct an informal survey to find out how many of my Fabulously Forty Sorority sisters could define the true meaning and purpose of a blog. After contacting several dozen of you, I learned that many didn’t know what a blog was, and of those who did, most misunderstood its purpose. Going a bit further in my research, I contacted an expert blog writer, who gave me the following description:“Blog” is shorthand for “weblog.” Simply put, a blog is a frequent, chronological publication of personal thoughts and Web links. Blogs can be strictly business, intensely personal and everything in-between. Their primary purpose is to provide a forum for individuals to express their thoughts, feelings, opinions, ideas and information on a particular subject on an ongoing basis.My First OpinionNow that we know what blogs are, and what a great source of information exchange this could be for the Fabulously Forty crowd, I am committing to writing a blog at least a few times each month.So here’s my first opinion. Blogs offer a wonderful tool for reaching out to others and sharing ideas and information. At the same time, they present a real danger to the na?ve and the uniformed.For those of you who have children, please sit down and explain to your kids that all blogs are public information. When children post information about themselves on MySpace.com, or any other websites that offers them to post their blog, anything they post can be viewed not only by their peers, but also by their schoolteachers, college professors and future employers. In fact, many employers are already beginning to search MySpace.com and other websites as a regu
Consequent to the Lord Mountbatten’s 3rd June 1947 Plan the Indian Independence Act, 1947 was enacted by the British Parliament and Pakistan emerged on the world map as an Independent & Sovereign Dominion. In terms of Section 18 (3) of the Act of 1947 the Laws of British India were applicable and continued as law of the Dominion (Pakistan) with necessary adaptations until the other provisions are made by the Legislature in Pakistan. The then Governor General (Mountbatten of Burma) was empowered in Section 9 (1) to carry into effect the operation of the Act of 1947 who accordingly issued “The Pakistan (Adaptation of Existing Pakistan Laws) Order dated 14th August 1947” (G.G.O. No. 20 of 1947).
Section 3 of the Order of 1947 read as “As from the appointed day, all existing Pakistan Laws shall, until repealed or altered or amended by a competent Legislature or other competent authority, in their application to Pakistan and any part or parts thereof, be subject to the adaptation directed in this Order”. Through this legislative mechanism Pakistan inherited plethora of colonial and other legislative instruments, hundreds of which were repealed and the remaining were retained/adopted, adapted and extended through various Acts, Ordinances promulgated in different phases of time by the Legislature in Pakistan.
At the time of independence the laws in force in Pakistan relating to Telecommunication were “The Telegraph Act, 1885 (XIII of 1885)” and “The Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933 (VII of 1933)”. These were extended and adapted in Pakistan through “The Adaptation of Central Acts and Ordinances Order, 1949” (G.G.O. No. 4 of 1949) and Central Laws (Statute Reforms) Ordinance 1960 (XXI of 1960).
The Act of 1885 was the primary governing telecommunication statute. There was a joint Director General of Posts, Telegraph & Telephone under the Act of 1885. The Act granted exclusive privilege to Government (Posts, Telegraph & Telephone [PTT] Department to establish, maintain, working, licencing, regulating the Telegraph within or any part of Pakistan. The government was the governing and controlling authority of telecom sector in Pakistan. Likewise, The Wireless Telegraphy Act was enacted in order to regulate the possession of wireless telegraph apparatus.
In 1962 Posts and Telegraph (Amendment) Act, 1962 (V of 1962) was enacted which amended Telegraph Act, 1885, The Post Office Act, 1898 and The Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933. The purpose of the Amending Act was to split up the Postal Department and the Telegraph and Telephone Department. The PTT Department slumbered for about 30 years with no active, substantial and innovative development in telecom sector.
The arena of development, innovation and liberalization starts from 1990-1991. By 1991 the scenario changes, The Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Act, 1991 (Act XVIII of 1991) was promulgated which created the independent statutory corporation named “Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC)” and Telegraph & Telephone Department was merged into PTC. The Corporation with perpetual succession took over all the assets and liabilities of the PTT Department. In pursuance to government competitive and liberalization policy in relation to telecom opened field to private sector and PTC started out-sourcing few of its services i.e card payphones services and pre paid calling card operations to private companies. Although in the Act of 1991 there was no regulator in its true sense but attributes of regulator, to some extent, were existent in PTC. The PTC was responsible in the field of telecommunication for development, research, improvement in quality, advice to government and determination of tariff subject to approval of government, maintain liaison with foreign government and other obligations as any regulator performs.
In 1994 in order to further liberalize and open the telecom industry and to transfer the telecommunication services to private sector and the matters connected thereto the Presidential Ordinance “Telecommunication Ordinance, 1994 (Ordinance LI of 1994)” was promulgated on 13th July 1994. To promote, maintain fair competition and regulate the telecom industry and telecom services the regulatory bodies “The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA)”, “Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) and “National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC)” were established.
The independent regulator (PTA) was established for the first time in the history of telecommunication field in Pakistan under the 1994 Ordinance. The Ordinance also caused the federal government to incorporate the “Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL)” under the company ordinance, 1984 which replaced the PTC. The Company was provided the exclusivity to provide the basic telephone services in Pakistan for a period of seven years.
The Ordinance of 1994 repealed The Telegraph Act, 1885 (XIII of 1885) and certain sections of Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Act, 1991. The 1994 Ordinance was to face its constitutional death upon expiry of four month as declared in Article 89 of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973, therefore, before its constitutional expiry life was given to it afresh through another Presidential Ordinance No. LXXVII of 1994 dated 7th November 1994. This Presidential Legislation under Article 89 of the Constitution continued until the Ordinance was presented in the Parliament. The Presidential Ordinances are Ordinances Nos. (XXIII of 1995 dated 7th March, 1995), (LXIII of 1995 dated 5th July, 1995), (CIII of 1995 dated 30th October, 1995) and Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-Organization) Ordinance, 1995 (CXV of 1995) dated 27th November, 1995. (XXX of 1996 dated 7th March, 1996) and Ordinance No. LXXVII of 1996 dated 4th July, 1996. Every subsequent ordinance repealed the previous one. Finally the “Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act, 1996 (XVII of 1996)” was passed on 17th October 1996.
Some of the salient features of the Act of 1996 are:
• Creation of Regulator
• Regulation of Telecommunication Industry and Services
• Transfer of telecommunication regime to private sector
• Powers of Federal Government to Issue Policy Directives
• Licensing
• Establishment of PTCL as Company under the Companies Ordinance, 1984
• Creation of National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC) to provide telecom services to armed forces, defence projects, federal government, provincial governments and local authorities etc.
• Formation of Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) with the responsibility of allotment and management of frequency spectrum. The FAB replaced the Pakistan Wireless Board established under “The Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933” and took over the function of the Wireless Board.
• Creation of Pakistan Telecommunication Employees Trust with the object of to take care of the interests of the employees of the Company.
Deregulation Policy 2003:
Section 8 of the Act of 1996 empowers the federal government to issue policy directives and PTA is under obligation to adhere and comply with the directives. Deregulation implies the removal of control of the government. It also implies the liberalization of the telecom market.
The exclusivity of Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) to provide basic telephone services under the Act of 1996 expired on 31st December 2002. In July 2003 the Government of Pakistan (GoP) announced “Deregulation Policy for the Telecommunication Sector”. The Policy sets out the following objectives :
• To increase service choice for customers of telecommunication services at competitive and affordable rates;
• To promote infrastructure development, especially infrastructure that will increase teledensity and the spread of telecommunication services in all market segments.
• To increase private investment in private sector.
• To encourage local telecom manufacturing/service industry.
• Recognizing the challenge to incumbent, PTCL.
• Accelerate expansion of telecom infrastructure to extend services to un-served and under-served areas.
• Liberalize the telecommunication sector by encouraging fair competition amongst service provider.
• Maintain and effective well defined regulatory regime that is consistent with best international practice.
• Maintain consistency with Pakistan’s IT and Interconnect promotion policy of low prices for bandwidth to make internet access affordable.
• Safeguard Pakistan’s national and security interest.
Mobile Cellular Policy 2004:
GoP has announced it Cellular Policy. The policy objectives are:
• Promotion of efficient use of radio spectrum;
• Increased choice for customers of cellular mobile services at competitive and affordable price;
• Private investment in the cellular mobile sector;
• Recognition of the rights and obligations of mobile cellular operators;
• Fair competition amongst mobile and fixed line operators;
• An effective and well defined regulatory regime that is consistent with international best practices;
In pursuance and compliance of the Cellular Policy, the Regulator has issued licenses to the foreign companies.
Subordinate Legislations:
The Act of 1996 sets and provides the broad framework, principles, authority and functions of the Regulator etc. The Act is silent about how the various telecom services, tariffs, interconnection guidelines and disputes arising therefrom, role and responsibilities of incumbent, accounting standards, reporting and problems faced by the companies inter are to be regulated and controlled? To meet the various situations, to control and regulate the services offered by the telecom companies and to create the fair competition environment, the rules and regulations have been framed by the Government and the Regulator. The various Rules, Regulations and Guidelines are:
i. Telecommunication Rules 2000
The Rules have been framed under Section 57 of the Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-Organization) Act, 1996. The Rules provides for the procedure of licencing procedure, its duration, renewal, modification, transfer, assignment or transfer and termination. The Rules further provide the Interconnection procedure, basis terms and conditions of Interconnection Agreement, Procedure in case of failure to agree and arrive at Interconnection Agreement, Interconnection Charges, and dispute resolution mechanism. The Rules also narrates the quality of services, exchange of information between the two operators, Tariff etc.
ii. Access Promotion Contribution Rules 2004:
Means the contribution made by Long Distance International (LDI) operator/licencee to Local Loop (LL) operator/licencee or Universal Service Fund (USF) created and maintained by Federal Government. USF has been established for providing access to telecom services to people living in un-served, underserved, rural and remote areas etc.
iii. Card Payphone Service Regulations 2004:
These have been issued by PTA under Section 5 (2) (O) of the Act of 1996. The Regulations deal with terms and condition of the licence, its modification, renewal and termination, monitoring procedure, accounting & auditing, Inspection by PTA, responsibilities, assignment, complaint systems, code of commercial practices, relationship with customers by the payphone operators and with other operators etc.
iv. Interconnection Dispute Resolution Regulations 2004:
The Regulations provide the comprehensive procedure of dispute resolutions between the operators .
v. Other Regulations and Guidelines:
The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority has framed and issued certain other regulations and guidelines. These are:
• Fixed Line Tariff Regulations 2004
• Vehicles Tracking Services Regulation 2004
• Burglar Alarm Services Regulations 2004
• Amateur Radio Services Regulations 2004
• Audio-tex Service Regulations 2004
• Non-voice Communication Network Service Regulations 2004
• Registration of Satellite Service Provider Regulations 2004
• Trunk Radio Services Regulations 2004
• Interconnection Guidelines 2004
• Access Promotion Regulation 2005
• Number Allocation and Administration Regulation 2005
• Mobile Number Portability Regulations 2005
Regulator:
Generally there are two types of Regulators, the first is called the “Economy Wide Competition Regulator” as the Monopoly Control Authority established under the Monopoly Control and Restrictive Trade Practices Ordinance, 1970; and the other one is called the “Industry Regulator” .
Although the Industry Regulator was established in the year 1994 with the Promulgation of the Telecommunication Ordinance, 1994 but the real objective behind the creation of such Regulator was the need of independent, technical, expert and legal body to cope with some key issues, besides others, such as change over of telecom sector from monopoly to competition, protection of the rights of the companies competing with incumbents and to provide safeguard the interest of the users of the telecommunication services.
An Ideal Regulator is expected to :
• Determine the size of the telecommunications market by providing licences for the purposes of delivering telecommunication services.
• To foster healthy relations between the different service providers by overseeing interconnection agreements so that service providers have equal access to the network provider by the dominant operator.
• To resolve disputes and maintain a level playing filed or regulate for fair competition so that the dominant operator does not abuse his or her dominance in the market place.
• To meet the policy goals so that consumers are protected against high prices, poor quality of services, inadequate infrastructure, limited services, unsafe equipment and neglect by the service provider.
• To address consumer complaints and solve them amicably.
• To ensure efficient use of frequency spectrum and space for the provision of information technology services.
• To encourage investment, innovation and optimum growth of the sector (or related sectors) and operators’ performance.
• To administer the numbering plan so that there are sufficient numbers available.
• To monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment supplier and service providers.
• To monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment suppliers and service providers.
PTA has all the traits of a good regulator and its primary functions, powers and responsibilities are:
To regulate the establishment, operation and maintenance of telecommunication systems and the provisions of telecommunication services; receive and dispose of application for the use of radio-frequency spectrum; promote and protect the interest of the users of telecommunication; promote and availa
There is a lot of debate online whether it is possible to Work At Home Doing Surveys and with all the different websites saying it is possible is there any truth in this?Well the first thing that makes it alluring to Work At Home Doing Surveys is that you would make your own hours and be able to earn money from the comfort of your own home not having to worry about catching that train or bus!That said, if you are looking to Work At Home Doing Surveys then you could be in for a shock as although it is true that companies will pay you for doing surveys the amount they pay may not be enough for you to live off!To Work At Home Doing Surveys is possible but will probably require a lot of hard work on your part and you will have to fill out a lot of surveys a day to earn some good money. However if you don't mind a bit of hard work it is a very good option to start off doing surveys part time.As mentioned above companies will pay you for your opinion and as you do more surveys for the companies you work for you will find they send through higher paid surveys. Once you have done about fifteen to twenty surveys for a company and given them good feedback on a service or product you will be surprised at how much they will pay you to do more!This is because surveys are a powerful way for companies to collect information about new products and services before they release a product then they can tell how popular the service or product will be.It is possible to Work At Home Doing Surveys and after a few weeks find that you are on a better wage then you were at your conventional job. There are of course some perks to doing surveys as these may include free product samples and even gift certificates and cash prizes.I would say if you are looking to Work At Home Doing Surveys then you should follow these rules to make sure you get a good survey company to work for:Do Your Research:If you really want to Work A
In 1994 in order to further liberalize and open the telecom industry and to transfer the telecommunication services to private sector and the matters connected thereto the Presidential Ordinance “Telecommunication Ordinance, 1994 (Ordinance LI of 1994)” was promulgated on 13th July 1994. To promote, maintain fair competition and regulate the telecom industry and telecom services the regulatory bodies “The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA)”, “Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) and “National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC)” were established.
The independent regulator (PTA) was established for the first time in the history of telecommunication field in Pakistan under the 1994 Ordinance. The Ordinance also caused the federal government to incorporate the “Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL)” under the company ordinance, 1984 which replaced the PTC. The Company was provided the exclusivity to provide the basic telephone services in Pakistan for a period of seven years.
The Ordinance of 1994 repealed The Telegraph Act, 1885 (XIII of 1885) and certain sections of Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Act, 1991. The 1994 Ordinance was to face its constitutional death upon expiry of four month as declared in Article 89 of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973, therefore, before its constitutional expiry life was given to it afresh through another Presidential Ordinance No. LXXVII of 1994 dated 7th November 1994. This Presidential Legislation under Article 89 of the Constitution continued until the Ordinance was presented in the Parliament. The Presidential Ordinances are Ordinances Nos. (XXIII of 1995 dated 7th March, 1995), (LXIII of 1995 dated 5th July, 1995), (CIII of 1995 dated 30th October, 1995) and Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-Organization) Ordinance, 1995 (CXV of 1995) dated 27th November, 1995. (XXX of 1996 dated 7th March, 1996) and Ordinance No. LXXVII of 1996 dated 4th July, 1996. Every subsequent ordinance repealed the previous one. Finally the “Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act, 1996 (XVII of 1996)” was passed on 17th October 1996.
Some of the salient features of the Act of 1996 are:
• Creation of Regulator
• Regulation of Telecommunication Industry and Services
• Transfer of telecommunication regime to private sector
• Powers of Federal Government to Issue Policy Directives
• Licensing
• Establishment of PTCL as Company under the Companies Ordinance, 1984
• Creation of National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC) to provide telecom services to armed forces, defence projects, federal government, provincial governments and local authorities etc.
• Formation of Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) with the responsibility of allotment and management of frequency spectrum. The FAB replaced the Pakistan Wireless Board established under “The Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933” and took over the function of the Wireless Board.
• Creation of Pakistan Telecommunication Employees Trust with the object of to take care of the interests of the employees of the Company.
Deregulation Policy 2003:
Section 8 of the Act of 1996 empowers the federal government to issue policy directives and PTA is under obligation to adhere and comply with the directives. Deregulation implies the removal of control of the government. It also implies the liberalization of the telecom market.
The exclusivity of Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) to provide basic telephone services under the Act of 1996 expired on 31st December 2002. In July 2003 the Government of Pakistan (GoP) announced “Deregulation Policy for the Telecommunication Sector”. The Policy sets out the following objectives :
• To increase service choice for customers of telecommunication services at competitive and affordable rates;
• To promote infrastructure development, especially infrastructure that will increase teledensity and the spread of telecommunication services in all market segments.
• To increase private investment in private sector.
• To encourage local telecom manufacturing/service industry.
• Recognizing the challenge to incumbent, PTCL.
• Accelerate expansion of telecom infrastructure to extend services to un-served and under-served areas.
• Liberalize the telecommunication sector by encouraging fair competition amongst service provider.
• Maintain and effective well defined regulatory regime that is consistent with best international practice.
• Maintain consistency with Pakistan’s IT and Interconnect promotion policy of low prices for bandwidth to make internet access affordable.
• Safeguard Pakistan’s national and security interest.
Mobile Cellular Policy 2004:
GoP has announced it Cellular Policy. The policy objectives are:
• Promotion of efficient use of radio spectrum;
• Increased choice for customers of cellular mobile services at competitive and affordable price;
• Private investment in the cellular mobile sector;
• Recognition of the rights and obligations of mobile cellular operators;
• Fair competition amongst mobile and fixed line operators;
• An effective and well defined regulatory regime that is consistent with international best practices;
In pursuance and compliance of the Cellular Policy, the Regulator has issued licenses to the foreign companies.
Subordinate Legislations:
The Act of 1996 sets and provides the broad framework, principles, authority and functions of the Regulator etc. The Act is silent about how the various telecom services, tariffs, interconnection guidelines and disputes arising therefrom, role and responsibilities of incumbent, accounting standards, reporting and problems faced by the companies inter are to be regulated and controlled? To meet the various situations, to control and regulate the services offered by the telecom companies and to create the fair competition environment, the rules and regulations have been framed by the Government and the Regulator. The various Rules, Regulations and Guidelines are:
i. Telecommunication Rules 2000
The Rules have been framed under Section 57 of the Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-Organization) Act, 1996. The Rules provides for the procedure of licencing procedure, its duration, renewal, modification, transfer, assignment or transfer and termination. The Rules further provide the Interconnection procedure, basis terms and conditions of Interconnection Agreement, Procedure in case of failure to agree and arrive at Interconnection Agreement, Interconnection Charges, and dispute resolution mechanism. The Rules also narrates the quality of services, exchange of information between the two operators, Tariff etc.
ii. Access Promotion Contribution Rules 2004:
Means the contribution made by Long Distance International (LDI) operator/licencee to Local Loop (LL) operator/licencee or Universal Service Fund (USF) created and maintained by Federal Government. USF has been established for providing access to telecom services to people living in un-served, underserved, rural and remote areas etc.
iii. Card Payphone Service Regulations 2004:
These have been issued by PTA under Section 5 (2) (O) of the Act of 1996. The Regulations deal with terms and condition of the licence, its modification, renewal and termination, monitoring procedure, accounting & auditing, Inspection by PTA, responsibilities, assignment, complaint systems, code of commercial practices, relationship with customers by the payphone operators and with other operators etc.
iv. Interconnection Dispute Resolution Regulations 2004:
The Regulations provide the comprehensive procedure of dispute resolutions between the operators .
v. Other Regulations and Guidelines:
The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority has framed and issued certain other regulations and guidelines. These are:
• Fixed Line Tariff Regulations 2004
• Vehicles Tracking Services Regulation 2004
• Burglar Alarm Services Regulations 2004
• Amateur Radio Services Regulations 2004
• Audio-tex Service Regulations 2004
• Non-voice Communication Network Service Regulations 2004
• Registration of Satellite Service Provider Regulations 2004
• Trunk Radio Services Regulations 2004
• Interconnection Guidelines 2004
• Access Promotion Regulation 2005
• Number Allocation and Administration Regulation 2005
• Mobile Number Portability Regulations 2005
Regulator:
Generally there are two types of Regulators, the first is called the “Economy Wide Competition Regulator” as the Monopoly Control Authority established under the Monopoly Control and Restrictive Trade Practices Ordinance, 1970; and the other one is called the “Industry Regulator” .
Although the Industry Regulator was established in the year 1994 with the Promulgation of the Telecommunication Ordinance, 1994 but the real objective behind the creation of such Regulator was the need of independent, technical, expert and legal body to cope with some key issues, besides others, such as change over of telecom sector from monopoly to competition, protection of the rights of the companies competing with incumbents and to provide safeguard the interest of the users of the telecommunication services.
An Ideal Regulator is expected to :
• Determine the size of the telecommunications market by providing licences for the purposes of delivering telecommunication services.
• To foster healthy relations between the different service providers by overseeing interconnection agreements so that service providers have equal access to the network provider by the dominant operator.
• To resolve disputes and maintain a level playing filed or regulate for fair competition so that the dominant operator does not abuse his or her dominance in the market place.
• To meet the policy goals so that consumers are protected against high prices, poor quality of services, inadequate infrastructure, limited services, unsafe equipment and neglect by the service provider.
• To address consumer complaints and solve them amicably.
• To ensure efficient use of frequency spectrum and space for the provision of information technology services.
• To encourage investment, innovation and optimum growth of the sector (or related sectors) and operators’ performance.
• To administer the numbering plan so that there are sufficient numbers available.
• To monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment supplier and service providers.
• To monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment suppliers and service providers.
PTA has all the traits of a good regulator and its primary functions, powers and responsibilities are:
To regulate the establishment, operation and maintenance of telecommunication systems and the provisions of telecommunication services; receive and dispose of application for the use of radio-frequency spectrum; promote and protect the interest of the users of telecommunication; promote and avail
When you regularly utilize folding tables and chairs in a public setting - such as in a hotel banquet room, a school, a church, or a community center - they're likely to be subjected to extreme usage. The hinges on folding tables get a workout from being taken up and down regularly, while chairs can be knocked out of shape when they're being stacked up, set up, and dragged around a room. Because folding tables and chairs represent a substantial investment, if you're not careful in selecting the best folding tables and chairs for your purpose, your budgeted one-time expenditure may become a recurring expense. Whenever you shop for folding tables, you should keep these features in mind: Leg Design: The legs should be attached through the top of the table, ideally with bolts. Legs that screw into the top will eventually detach. Top Design: Look for high impact plastic or a polyurethane cast top that will allow the sides and corners of the table to absorb impact. Avoid tops with seamed edging or an attached bumper, as it will eventually detach. Safety Features: Look for leg mechanisms with automatic, rather than manual, safety locks. Choose folding tables with appropriate weight limits for your intended use. Guarantee: Choose a seller who will provide you with an unconditional guarantee for your folding tables and chairs for a period of five years. When a company provides that kind of guarantee, you can be sure that it has confidence in the long-term performance of their folding tables and chairs. When considering the variety of folding tables and chairs in the marketplace, it's important to take into account that they should be light enough to set up and take down on a regular basis, while being durable enough to withstand the use that they'll receive. There are three brands of folding tables that achieve the balance of lightness and durability that are available in today's marketplace:
• Creation of Regulator
• Regulation of Telecommunication Industry and Services
• Transfer of telecommunication regime to private sector
• Powers of Federal Government to Issue Policy Directives
• Licensing
• Establishment of PTCL as Company under the Companies Ordinance, 1984
• Creation of National Telecommunication Corporation (NTC) to provide telecom services to armed forces, defence projects, federal government, provincial governments and local authorities etc.
• Formation of Frequency Allocation Board (FAB) with the responsibility of allotment and management of frequency spectrum. The FAB replaced the Pakistan Wireless Board established under “The Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933” and took over the function of the Wireless Board.
• Creation of Pakistan Telecommunication Employees Trust with the object of to take care of the interests of the employees of the Company.
Deregulation Policy 2003:
Section 8 of the Act of 1996 empowers the federal government to issue policy directives and PTA is under obligation to adhere and comply with the directives. Deregulation implies the removal of control of the government. It also implies the liberalization of the telecom market.
The exclusivity of Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) to provide basic telephone services under the Act of 1996 expired on 31st December 2002. In July 2003 the Government of Pakistan (GoP) announced “Deregulation Policy for the Telecommunication Sector”. The Policy sets out the following objectives :
• To increase service choice for customers of telecommunication services at competitive and affordable rates;
• To promote infrastructure development, especially infrastructure that will increase teledensity and the spread of telecommunication services in all market segments.
• To increase private investment in private sector.
• To encourage local telecom manufacturing/service industry.
• Recognizing the challenge to incumbent, PTCL.
• Accelerate expansion of telecom infrastructure to extend services to un-served and under-served areas.
• Liberalize the telecommunication sector by encouraging fair competition amongst service provider.
• Maintain and effective well defined regulatory regime that is consistent with best international practice.
• Maintain consistency with Pakistan’s IT and Interconnect promotion policy of low prices for bandwidth to make internet access affordable.
• Safeguard Pakistan’s national and security interest.
Mobile Cellular Policy 2004:
GoP has announced it Cellular Policy. The policy objectives are:
• Promotion of efficient use of radio spectrum;
• Increased choice for customers of cellular mobile services at competitive and affordable price;
• Private investment in the cellular mobile sector;
• Recognition of the rights and obligations of mobile cellular operators;
• Fair competition amongst mobile and fixed line operators;
• An effective and well defined regulatory regime that is consistent with international best practices;
In pursuance and compliance of the Cellular Policy, the Regulator has issued licenses to the foreign companies.
Subordinate Legislations:
The Act of 1996 sets and provides the broad framework, principles, authority and functions of the Regulator etc. The Act is silent about how the various telecom services, tariffs, interconnection guidelines and disputes arising therefrom, role and responsibilities of incumbent, accounting standards, reporting and problems faced by the companies inter are to be regulated and controlled? To meet the various situations, to control and regulate the services offered by the telecom companies and to create the fair competition environment, the rules and regulations have been framed by the Government and the Regulator. The various Rules, Regulations and Guidelines are:
i. Telecommunication Rules 2000
The Rules have been framed under Section 57 of the Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-Organization) Act, 1996. The Rules provides for the procedure of licencing procedure, its duration, renewal, modification, transfer, assignment or transfer and termination. The Rules further provide the Interconnection procedure, basis terms and conditions of Interconnection Agreement, Procedure in case of failure to agree and arrive at Interconnection Agreement, Interconnection Charges, and dispute resolution mechanism. The Rules also narrates the quality of services, exchange of information between the two operators, Tariff etc.
ii. Access Promotion Contribution Rules 2004:
Means the contribution made by Long Distance International (LDI) operator/licencee to Local Loop (LL) operator/licencee or Universal Service Fund (USF) created and maintained by Federal Government. USF has been established for providing access to telecom services to people living in un-served, underserved, rural and remote areas etc.
iii. Card Payphone Service Regulations 2004:
These have been issued by PTA under Section 5 (2) (O) of the Act of 1996. The Regulations deal with terms and condition of the licence, its modification, renewal and termination, monitoring procedure, accounting & auditing, Inspection by PTA, responsibilities, assignment, complaint systems, code of commercial practices, relationship with customers by the payphone operators and with other operators etc.
iv. Interconnection Dispute Resolution Regulations 2004:
The Regulations provide the comprehensive procedure of dispute resolutions between the operators .
v. Other Regulations and Guidelines:
The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority has framed and issued certain other regulations and guidelines. These are:
• Fixed Line Tariff Regulations 2004
• Vehicles Tracking Services Regulation 2004
• Burglar Alarm Services Regulations 2004
• Amateur Radio Services Regulations 2004
• Audio-tex Service Regulations 2004
• Non-voice Communication Network Service Regulations 2004
• Registration of Satellite Service Provider Regulations 2004
• Trunk Radio Services Regulations 2004
• Interconnection Guidelines 2004
• Access Promotion Regulation 2005
• Number Allocation and Administration Regulation 2005
• Mobile Number Portability Regulations 2005
Regulator:
Generally there are two types of Regulators, the first is called the “Economy Wide Competition Regulator” as the Monopoly Control Authority established under the Monopoly Control and Restrictive Trade Practices Ordinance, 1970; and the other one is called the “Industry Regulator” .
Although the Industry Regulator was established in the year 1994 with the Promulgation of the Telecommunication Ordinance, 1994 but the real objective behind the creation of such Regulator was the need of independent, technical, expert and legal body to cope with some key issues, besides others, such as change over of telecom sector from monopoly to competition, protection of the rights of the companies competing with incumbents and to provide safeguard the interest of the users of the telecommunication services.
An Ideal Regulator is expected to :
• Determine the size of the telecommunications market by providing licences for the purposes of delivering telecommunication services.
• To foster healthy relations between the different service providers by overseeing interconnection agreements so that service providers have equal access to the network provider by the dominant operator.
• To resolve disputes and maintain a level playing filed or regulate for fair competition so that the dominant operator does not abuse his or her dominance in the market place.
• To meet the policy goals so that consumers are protected against high prices, poor quality of services, inadequate infrastructure, limited services, unsafe equipment and neglect by the service provider.
• To address consumer complaints and solve them amicably.
• To ensure efficient use of frequency spectrum and space for the provision of information technology services.
• To encourage investment, innovation and optimum growth of the sector (or related sectors) and operators’ performance.
• To administer the numbering plan so that there are sufficient numbers available.
• To monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment supplier and service providers.
• To monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment suppliers and service providers.
PTA has all the traits of a good regulator and its primary functions, powers and responsibilities are:
To regulate the establishment, operation and maintenance of telecommunication systems and the provisions of telecommunication services; receive and dispose of application for the use of radio-frequency spectrum; promote and protect the interest of the users of telecommunication; promote and avail
As a web designer I would prefer to spend the majority of my time being creative and drawing pretty pictures. But due to the competitive nature of our society, and consequently of the Internet, I found myself spending an inordinate amount of time jostling for position with all the other people on the planet who are doing the same thing as I am.Being a successful businessman as well as a web designer means securing a top ten search engine ranking with Google, Yahoo and MSN. It is not enough to sit at home and create inspiring designs for new websites – you also need to sell your services to the world.Google has become the modern day equivalent of the Oracle at Delphi. If you wanted an answer to a question in ancient Greece you would visit the Oracle. Nowadays we ask Google. But how do we know that we can trust the answers we are given?There is a tendency to think that Google’s answers equate to facts. But we must remember that Google’s answers are more like opinions that are based on certain beliefs, and that Google’s beliefs may not be ones that we share.Say, for example, that you were looking for a web design company in Wiltshire (UK) and you went to Google and asked it to look for ‘web design Wiltshire’. Because it would find so many results, it would need to prioritise them according to some kind of system.The method that Google currently employs is the ‘He Who Shouts Loudest’ method. Whoever can make the most noise about their website and generate the highest number of relevant links to their site will usually end up in the Google top ten. But will that help us to find the right website designer for you?It’s difficult to see how this could be any other way; after all the search engines need to use some kind of evaluation system to determine who gets the coveted top slot in the search engine results, but I often wonder how things might turn out if Google used different criteria when it decides which an
• An effective and well defined regulatory regime that is consistent with international best practices;
In pursuance and compliance of the Cellular Policy, the Regulator has issued licenses to the foreign companies.
Subordinate Legislations:
The Act of 1996 sets and provides the broad framework, principles, authority and functions of the Regulator etc. The Act is silent about how the various telecom services, tariffs, interconnection guidelines and disputes arising therefrom, role and responsibilities of incumbent, accounting standards, reporting and problems faced by the companies inter are to be regulated and controlled? To meet the various situations, to control and regulate the services offered by the telecom companies and to create the fair competition environment, the rules and regulations have been framed by the Government and the Regulator. The various Rules, Regulations and Guidelines are:
i. Telecommunication Rules 2000
The Rules have been framed under Section 57 of the Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-Organization) Act, 1996. The Rules provides for the procedure of licencing procedure, its duration, renewal, modification, transfer, assignment or transfer and termination. The Rules further provide the Interconnection procedure, basis terms and conditions of Interconnection Agreement, Procedure in case of failure to agree and arrive at Interconnection Agreement, Interconnection Charges, and dispute resolution mechanism. The Rules also narrates the quality of services, exchange of information between the two operators, Tariff etc.
ii. Access Promotion Contribution Rules 2004:
Means the contribution made by Long Distance International (LDI) operator/licencee to Local Loop (LL) operator/licencee or Universal Service Fund (USF) created and maintained by Federal Government. USF has been established for providing access to telecom services to people living in un-served, underserved, rural and remote areas etc.
iii. Card Payphone Service Regulations 2004:
These have been issued by PTA under Section 5 (2) (O) of the Act of 1996. The Regulations deal with terms and condition of the licence, its modification, renewal and termination, monitoring procedure, accounting & auditing, Inspection by PTA, responsibilities, assignment, complaint systems, code of commercial practices, relationship with customers by the payphone operators and with other operators etc.
iv. Interconnection Dispute Resolution Regulations 2004:
The Regulations provide the comprehensive procedure of dispute resolutions between the operators .
v. Other Regulations and Guidelines:
The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority has framed and issued certain other regulations and guidelines. These are:
• Fixed Line Tariff Regulations 2004
• Vehicles Tracking Services Regulation 2004
• Burglar Alarm Services Regulations 2004
• Amateur Radio Services Regulations 2004
• Audio-tex Service Regulations 2004
• Non-voice Communication Network Service Regulations 2004
• Registration of Satellite Service Provider Regulations 2004
• Trunk Radio Services Regulations 2004
• Interconnection Guidelines 2004
• Access Promotion Regulation 2005
• Number Allocation and Administration Regulation 2005
• Mobile Number Portability Regulations 2005
Regulator:
Generally there are two types of Regulators, the first is called the “Economy Wide Competition Regulator” as the Monopoly Control Authority established under the Monopoly Control and Restrictive Trade Practices Ordinance, 1970; and the other one is called the “Industry Regulator” .
Although the Industry Regulator was established in the year 1994 with the Promulgation of the Telecommunication Ordinance, 1994 but the real objective behind the creation of such Regulator was the need of independent, technical, expert and legal body to cope with some key issues, besides others, such as change over of telecom sector from monopoly to competition, protection of the rights of the companies competing with incumbents and to provide safeguard the interest of the users of the telecommunication services.
An Ideal Regulator is expected to :
• Determine the size of the telecommunications market by providing licences for the purposes of delivering telecommunication services.
• To foster healthy relations between the different service providers by overseeing interconnection agreements so that service providers have equal access to the network provider by the dominant operator.
• To resolve disputes and maintain a level playing filed or regulate for fair competition so that the dominant operator does not abuse his or her dominance in the market place.
• To meet the policy goals so that consumers are protected against high prices, poor quality of services, inadequate infrastructure, limited services, unsafe equipment and neglect by the service provider.
• To address consumer complaints and solve them amicably.
• To ensure efficient use of frequency spectrum and space for the provision of information technology services.
• To encourage investment, innovation and optimum growth of the sector (or related sectors) and operators’ performance.
• To administer the numbering plan so that there are sufficient numbers available.
• To monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment supplier and service providers.
• To monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment suppliers and service providers.
PTA has all the traits of a good regulator and its primary functions, powers and responsibilities are:
To regulate the establishment, operation and maintenance of telecommunication systems and the provisions of telecommunication services; receive and dispose of application for the use of radio-frequency spectrum; promote and protect the interest of the users of telecommunication; promote and avail
Despite the fact that the commercial production of Titanium has only been possible in the last sixty years and then only by a complex and expensive process, it's unique properties have resulted in advances in technology, aviation, marine, medicine and the many other applications that we now take for granted but may not have been possible or be as efficient by using an alternative.A promising new development known as the FFC Cambridge Process may result in producing Titanium at a lower cost than the original Kroll process that is still in use to this day. The Properties of Titanium Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti.It has a silvery white metallic lustre when pure.It is as strong as steel but is only just over half its weight and is twice as strong as aluminium.Titanium based alloys have very high strength-to-weight ratios.Titanium is ductile, malleable, wieldable and easily worked.It is obtainable in a number of formats that include wire, sheet, rod, foil, granules, sponge and powder.It has an extremely low response to magnetism.Titanium has a very low electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity.Titanium is highly corrosion resistant, it is impervious to seawater, chlorine and a broad range of acids, unless concentrated, and alkalis.Titanium burns in air and is one of the very few elements to burn in Nitrogen (it makes great fireworks!)The metal is physiologically inert and non-toxic. i.e. it has no effect on the human or animal body.It is the ninth most plentiful element present in the Earths crust. It has been found in meteorites and detected in the sun and class M stars.Approximately 90% of worldwide usage is in the form of Titanium alloys or Titanium compounds Titanium ApplicationsThe Apollo 17 moon mission brought back rocks containing Titanium compounds. Titanium Applications. Titanium is recognized as a critical strategic metal f
• Registration of Satellite Service Provider Regulations 2004
• Trunk Radio Services Regulations 2004
• Interconnection Guidelines 2004
• Access Promotion Regulation 2005
• Number Allocation and Administration Regulation 2005
• Mobile Number Portability Regulations 2005
Regulator:
Generally there are two types of Regulators, the first is called the “Economy Wide Competition Regulator” as the Monopoly Control Authority established under the Monopoly Control and Restrictive Trade Practices Ordinance, 1970; and the other one is called the “Industry Regulator” .
Although the Industry Regulator was established in the year 1994 with the Promulgation of the Telecommunication Ordinance, 1994 but the real objective behind the creation of such Regulator was the need of independent, technical, expert and legal body to cope with some key issues, besides others, such as change over of telecom sector from monopoly to competition, protection of the rights of the companies competing with incumbents and to provide safeguard the interest of the users of the telecommunication services.
An Ideal Regulator is expected to :
• Determine the size of the telecommunications market by providing licences for the purposes of delivering telecommunication services.
• To foster healthy relations between the different service providers by overseeing interconnection agreements so that service providers have equal access to the network provider by the dominant operator.
• To resolve disputes and maintain a level playing filed or regulate for fair competition so that the dominant operator does not abuse his or her dominance in the market place.
• To meet the policy goals so that consumers are protected against high prices, poor quality of services, inadequate infrastructure, limited services, unsafe equipment and neglect by the service provider.
• To address consumer complaints and solve them amicably.
• To ensure efficient use of frequency spectrum and space for the provision of information technology services.
• To encourage investment, innovation and optimum growth of the sector (or related sectors) and operators’ performance.
• To administer the numbering plan so that there are sufficient numbers available.
• To monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment supplier and service providers.
• To monitor compliance with national and international telecommunications equipment suppliers and service providers.
PTA has all the traits of a good regulator and its primary functions, powers and responsibilities are:
To regulate the establishment, operation and maintenance of telecommunication systems and the provisions of telecommunication services; receive and dispose of application for the use of radio-frequency spectrum; promote and protect the interest of the users of telecommunication; promote and available the high quality, efficient and cost effective telecommunication services; investigate and adjudicate on complaints; grant, renew, modify, transfer, monitor and enforce the telecom licences; regulate tariffs and prescribe telecommunication equipments; provide guidelines and determine the terms of interconnect arrangements .
In the larger context, we hope, that PTA shall keep up, adhere to, perform and enforce the telecom laws without any discrimination between the incumbents and the other telecom operators so that the healthy competitive environment could flourish and shall further keep herself abreast of the latest development, law and technology, in telecom sector.
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